PE GCSE- ASSESSMENT 1.1 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Ligament

Bone to Bone

Tendons

Muscle to Bonehy

Hyperthropy

Muscle Growth

Atrophy

Wasting away muscle

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, e.g heart

Smooth (visceral) muscle

Involuntary, e.g blood vessels, organ systems like the digestive system

Skeletal Muscles

Voluntary, provides movement for the skeleton, e.g bicep

Trapezius

Holds & rotates the shoulders, moves head back & sideways , e.g: a swimmer turning their head to breathe.

Deltoids

Raises each arm forwards, backwards & sideways at the shoulder, e.g: a overhead clear in badminton.

Pectorals (Pectoralis Major)

Moves the arm at the shoulder through adduction, e.g: Forehand drive in tennis

Biceps

Bends arm at the elbow, e.g: Drawing back a bow in archery

Triceps

Straighten your arm at the elbow, eg: Releasing a javelin or ball

Latissimus Dorsi

Pulls arm down at the shoulder & draws it behind your back, eg: Swimming strokesa

Abdominals

Flexes spine so that you can bend forward, creates a pull in the abdomen, eg: Rowing

Hip flexors

Supports movement of the leg and knee upwards, eg: Lifting the knees during a sprint

Gluteals

Pulls leg back at the hip & raises it sideways at the hip, eg: Moving the leading leg & trail leg when hurdling.

Quadriceps

Straightens leg at the knee & keeps leg straight to stand up, eg: Follow through when kicking a ball in football.

Hamstrings

Bends leg at the knee, eg: Pulling back of the knee before kicking a ball.

Gastrocenemius

Straightens the ankle joint so you can stand on your tiptoes, eg: Take off for a layup in basketball

Tibialis Anterior

Helps with dorsiflexion, the action of pulling the foot towards the shin, eg: Walking, running or toe-kicking a ball.

Agonist

Prime mover, contracts to create movement

Antagonist

Relaxes as the agonist contracts, allows movement

Antagonistic pairs

Two voluntary muscles that work together to provide movement of the joints

4 main antagonistic pairs:

Bicep & Tricep, Gastrocnemius & Tibialis Anterior, Hip flexors & Gluteus Maximus, Deltoid & Latissimus Dorsi

Example of Bicep & Tricep antagonistic pairs

Upward phase of bicep curl : Agonist- Bicep / Antagonist- Tricep

Example of Gastrocnemius & Tibialis Anterior antagonistic pairs

Pointing the toes whilst doing a pike jump in trampolining: Agonist-Gastrocnemius / Antagonist- Tibialis Anterior

Example of Hip Flexors & Gluteus Maximus antagonistic pairs

Lifting the leg back the hip when running: Agonist- Gluteus Maximus / Antagonist- Hip flexors

Example of Deltoid & Latissimus Dorsi antagonistic pairs

Bowling in cricket/ Front crawl: Agonist- Deltoid / Antagonist: Latissimus Dorsi