Studied by 1 person
propinquity effect
the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
Mere exposure effect
the finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
Functional distance
refers to certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other more often than with others
Social exchange theory
the idea that people’s feelings abt a relationship depend on perceptions of rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
equity theory
the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which rewards and costs experienced and both parties’ contributions are roughly equal
Comparison level
expectations abt the levels of rewards and costs you are likely to receive in particular relationship
Comparison level for alternatives
expectations abt the levels of rewards and costs you would receive in an alternative relationship
companionate love
the intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person’s presence
Passionate love
an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair
evolutionary approach to love
a theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women’s appearance; women are attracted by men’s resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success
Evolutionary psychology
the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection
attachment styles
the expectations people develop abt relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
Secure attachment style
an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
attachment style
characterized by trust, a lack of concern as well as being characterized by a concern that others with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in well liked higher than average levels of anxiety
exchange relationships
relationships governed by the need for equity (ex- for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
Communal relationships
relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other person’s needs
prosocial behavior
any act performed with the goal of benefitting another person
Altruism
the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper (not for selfish reasons)
kin selection
the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
norm of reciprocity
the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
empathy
the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (ex- joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
altruistic personality
personality trait making it more likely that an individual will help others in a variety of situations
in-group
the group with which an individual identifies as a member
out-group
any group with which an individual doesn’t identify
negative-state relief hypothesis
the idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress
urban overload hypothesis
the theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it
diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon whereby each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases
aggression
intentional behavior aimed at doing harm/causing pain to another person
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
hostile aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
frustration-aggression theory
the idea that frustration-the perception from attaining a goal- increases the probability of an aggressive response
aggressive stimulus
an object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression
social learning theory
the idea that we learn social behavior (ex- aggression) by observing others and imitating them
scripts
ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture
Catharsis
the notion that “blowing off steam”- by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression-relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior
prejudice
a hostile/negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group
stereotype
a generalization abt a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members
discrimination
an unjustified negative/harmful action toward the members of a group simply bc of their membership in that group
in-group bias
positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defined as being part of our in-group and negative feelings and unfair treatment for others simply bc we have defined them as being in the out-group
out-group homogeneity
the belief that “they” are all alike
illusory correlation
when we expect 2 things to be related, we fool ourselves into believing that they are actually unrelated
ultimate attribution error
our tendency to make dispositional attributions abt an individual’s negative behavior to an entire group of people
normative conformity
the strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance
hostile sexists
hold stereotypical views of women that suggest that women are inferior to men (ex- “women are less intelligent”)
benevolent sexists
hold stereotypically positive views of women (ex- “women are great cooks and mothers”); still serves to undermine women’s role in society
mutual interdependence
the need to depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each group
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Flashcard (25)