Unit 4 review notes

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31 Terms

1

Core values

Shared values, traditions, customs, and beliefs that define a society.

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2

Rule of law

The principle that all people are subject to and accountable to the law, equally and fairly.

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3

Limited Government

A government whose power is restricted by law, typically in a constitution.

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4

Individualism

A philosophy advocating that individuals are responsible for their own actions and choices.

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5

Equality of opportunity

The idea that all individuals should have the same chance to succeed, regardless of background.

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6

Free Enterprise

An economic system based mainly on private ownership and free markets.

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7

Political Socialization

The process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values.

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8

Political Ideology

A consistent set of ideas and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government.

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9

Generational effects

Shifts in voting patterns and political beliefs that occur between different generations.

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10

Lifecycle effect

The idea that people's political attitudes shift as they move through different stages of life.

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11

Impressionable Age Hypothesis

The concept that key political events during young adulthood shape political beliefs and attitudes.

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12

Random sample

A sampling method where every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

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13

Stratified sample

A sampling method that divides populations into subgroups and ensures representation across demographics.

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14

Sampling Error

A polling error that occurs when a sample does not perfectly represent the population.

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15

Mass survey

A method for measuring public opinion through polling a large sample of the population.

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16

Major political events

Events that significantly shape public opinion and political attitudes, such as elections or disasters.

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17

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.

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18

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory advocating for increased government spending to stimulate economic growth during recessions.

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19

Supply-side economics

An economic theory suggesting that lower taxes boost economic growth by encouraging spending and investment.

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20

Monetary Policy

The process by which the central bank manages money supply and interest rates to influence the economy.

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21

Conservative Ideology

A political perspective favoring traditional values, limited government, and an emphasis on law and order.

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22

Liberal Ideology

A political viewpoint advocating for social equality, government action to address social issues, and individual liberties.

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23

Libertarian Ideology

A political philosophy emphasizing individual freedom, minimal government intervention, and free markets.

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24

Political Participation

The various ways in which citizens engage in politics, including voting, campaigning, and activism.

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25

Civic Responsibility

The responsibilities of a citizen to engage in activities that promote the well-being of their community.

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26

Voter Turnout

The percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.

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27

Interest Groups

Organizations that seek to influence public policy and decision-making in specific areas.

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28

Public Opinion Polls

Surveys that measure public sentiment on various issues, candidates, or policies.

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29

Bipartisan

Involving two political parties, typically used when both major parties agree on a particular issue.

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30

Political Accountability

The obligation of politicians to act in favor of the public interest and be answerable to constituents.

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31

Campaign Finance

The process of funding political candidates and campaigns, often regulated to prevent corruption.

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