Unit 4 review notes

Core values

Shared values, traditions, customs, and beliefs that define a society.

Rule of law

The principle that all people are subject to and accountable to the law, equally and fairly.

Limited Government

A government whose power is restricted by law, typically in a constitution.

Individualism

A philosophy advocating that individuals are responsible for their own actions and choices.

Equality of opportunity

The idea that all individuals should have the same chance to succeed, regardless of background.

Free Enterprise

An economic system based mainly on private ownership and free markets.

Political Socialization

The process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values.

Political Ideology

A consistent set of ideas and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government.

Generational effects

Shifts in voting patterns and political beliefs that occur between different generations.

Lifecycle effect

The idea that people's political attitudes shift as they move through different stages of life.

Impressionable Age Hypothesis

The concept that key political events during young adulthood shape political beliefs and attitudes.

Random sample

A sampling method where every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Stratified sample

A sampling method that divides populations into subgroups and ensures representation across demographics.

Sampling Error

A polling error that occurs when a sample does not perfectly represent the population.

Mass survey

A method for measuring public opinion through polling a large sample of the population.

Major political events

Events that significantly shape public opinion and political attitudes, such as elections or disasters.

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory advocating for increased government spending to stimulate economic growth during recessions.

Supply-side economics

An economic theory suggesting that lower taxes boost economic growth by encouraging spending and investment.

Monetary Policy

The process by which the central bank manages money supply and interest rates to influence the economy.

Conservative Ideology

A political perspective favoring traditional values, limited government, and an emphasis on law and order.

Liberal Ideology

A political viewpoint advocating for social equality, government action to address social issues, and individual liberties.

Libertarian Ideology

A political philosophy emphasizing individual freedom, minimal government intervention, and free markets.

Political Participation

The various ways in which citizens engage in politics, including voting, campaigning, and activism.

Civic Responsibility

The responsibilities of a citizen to engage in activities that promote the well-being of their community.

Voter Turnout

The percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.

Interest Groups

Organizations that seek to influence public policy and decision-making in specific areas.

Public Opinion Polls

Surveys that measure public sentiment on various issues, candidates, or policies.

Bipartisan

Involving two political parties, typically used when both major parties agree on a particular issue.

Political Accountability

The obligation of politicians to act in favor of the public interest and be answerable to constituents.

Campaign Finance

The process of funding political candidates and campaigns, often regulated to prevent corruption.