key concepts and definitions - 1.1 & 1.2

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units/cases

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the people or things that we collect the value of variables from (subjects, patients, etc.)

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variable

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specific piece of information we collect from the cases; will often be a category or numerical value

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23 Terms

1
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units/cases

the people or things that we collect the value of variables from (subjects, patients, etc.)

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variable

specific piece of information we collect from the cases; will often be a category or numerical value

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categorical/qualitative variable

if the variable is not a number or does not have numerical meaning

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numerical/quantitative variable

if the variable is a number value and has numerical meaning

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discrete quantitative

means there are only certain values that can be attained, no in-between values (ex: shoe sizes)

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continuous quantitative

can attain in-between values

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data

all the variable values we collect

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population

all of the people or things we could collect data about

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sample

subset of the population we collect data from

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statistical inference

to gain information about the population from a sample

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bias

anything that causes a sample to differ from the population (in a meaningful way)

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convenience sample

a sample taken only from cases that are easily available

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parameter

a number that is a property of the population

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statistic

a number that is a property of a sample

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level of measurement: nominal

only be categorized (no order or numerical value)

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level of measurement: ordinal

can be categorized and ranked, can be numerical or categorical grades

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level of measurement: interval

categorized, ranked, evenly spaced (no natural zero)

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level of measurement: ratio

categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, natural zero

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experiment

a study where the researchers assign the value of a variable

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observational study

a study where the researchers don’t assign the value of any variables

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explanatory variable

variable you use to predict the value of another variable

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response variable

the variable predicted; usually the one cared about

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confounding/lurking variable

a variable not accounted for by a study that could affect the outcome