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key concepts and definitions - 1.1 & 1.2
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Categorical Data
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23 Terms
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1
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units/cases
the people or things that we collect the value of variables from (subjects, patients, etc.)
2
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variable
specific piece of information we collect from the cases; will often be a category or numerical value
3
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categorical/qualitative variable
if the variable is not a number or does not have numerical meaning
4
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numerical/quantitative variable
if the variable is a number value and has numerical meaning
5
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discrete quantitative
means there are only certain values that can be attained, no in-between values (ex: shoe sizes)
6
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continuous quantitative
can attain in-between values
7
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data
all the variable values we collect
8
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population
all of the people or things we could collect data about
9
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sample
subset of the population we collect data from
10
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statistical inference
to gain information about the population from a sample
11
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bias
anything that causes a sample to differ from the population (in a meaningful way)
12
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convenience sample
a sample taken only from cases that are easily available
13
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parameter
a number that is a property of the population
14
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statistic
a number that is a property of a sample
15
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level of measurement: nominal
only be categorized (no order or numerical value)
16
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level of measurement: ordinal
can be categorized and ranked, can be numerical or categorical grades
17
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level of measurement: interval
categorized, ranked, evenly spaced (no natural zero)
18
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level of measurement: ratio
categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, natural zero
19
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experiment
a study where the researchers assign the value of a variable
20
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observational study
a study where the researchers don’t assign the value of any variables
21
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explanatory variable
variable you use to predict the value of another variable
22
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response variable
the variable predicted; usually the one cared about
23
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confounding/lurking variable
a variable not accounted for by a study that could affect the outcome
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