Biology Final Study Guide

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five characteristics of living things

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1

five characteristics of living things

made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop, respond to environment, and use energy

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2

five needs of living things

food, water, energy, gasses, space

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3

covalent bond

consists of mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms

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4

ionic bond

formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another

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5

hydrogen bond

an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds

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6

solute

substance that is being dissolved

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7

solvent

dissolving medium

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8

hypertonic solution

higher solute concentration

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9

hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration

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10

isotonic solution

solutions that contain the same concentration of water and solutes as the cell cytoplasm

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11

aqueous solution

solution where water is the solute

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12

four basic macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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13

monomer

atoms/small molecules that bond together to form polymers

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14

polymer

large molecules made of monomers

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15

elements of carbs

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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16

elements of lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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17

elements of proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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18

elements of nucleic acids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

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19

monomers of carbs

monosaccharides

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20

monomers of lipids

glycerol, fatty acids

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21

monomers of proteins

amino acids

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22

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

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23

function of carbs

provide material to build cell membrane

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24

function of lipids

store energy, insulate organs, direct growth

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25

function of proteins

provide structure, aid in molecule movement, provide immunity

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26

function of nucleic acids

contains genetic info, directs growth

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27

examples of carbs

glucose, fructose, lactose, cellulose

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28

examples of lipids

fats, oils, waxes

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29

examples of proteins

insulin, hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes

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30

examples of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

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31

five properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, expands when freezes, universal solvent

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32

cohesion

water sticks to other water molecules

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33

adhesion

water can also be attracted to other surfaces/molecules

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34

high surface tension

water has a tension at its surface

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35

expands when freezes

solid water is less dense than liquid water

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36

universal solvent

dissolves ionic and polar substances

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37

in a water molecule, which atom gives water the partially positive charge?

hydrogen

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38

in a water molecule, which atom gives water the partially negative charge?

oxygen

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39

diffusion

molecule movement from high to low concentration

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40

osmosis

movement of water across semipermeable membrane

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41

intracellular fluid

inside the cell

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42

extracellular fluid

outside the cell

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43

does the solute move inside or outside the cell: intracellular fluid=5% salt, extracellular fluid=10% salt

outside; the water wants to go where there is more salt

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44

nucleus

organelle of eukaryotic cells that acts as a control center controlling the actions of the cell and containing the genetic material

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45

mitochondria

cell organelle that transforms energy from sugars into usable energy for the cell

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46

golgi apparatus

organelle that receives substances from the ER and packages them into membrane sacs called vesicles to be delivered inside or outside of the cell

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47

cytoplasm

consists of everything within the cell membrane except for the nucleus and also contains the gel-like fluid of the cell called cytosol which all the cell organelles are suspended in

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48

ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with these, though smooth ER lacks these; they are involves in making proteins

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49

hydrophylic

cell membrane is structured as a phospholipid bilayer where the _____ heads of the phospholipid are making contact with the watery environments inside and outside the cell

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50

hydrophobic

tails the phospholipid are facing each other to escape the watery environments inside and outside the cell

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51

reactants (imputs) of cellular respiration

sunlight, water, CO2

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52

products (outputs) of cellular respiration

oxygen, glucose

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53

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

high-energy molecule used by cells (energy for all living things)

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54

three stages of cellular respiration (and where each stage occurs)

glycolysis (cytoplasm) citric acid cycle (mitochondria) electron transport chain (mitochondria)

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55

process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself

DNA replication

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56

three parts of a nucleotide

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

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57
<p>here’s a diagram of a nucleotide</p>

here’s a diagram of a nucleotide

wow ok thanks

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58
<p>here’s a diagram of DNA</p>

here’s a diagram of DNA

woah that’s so cool

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59

what makes up the sides of the DNA “ladder?”

alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups

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60

what makes up the rungs of the DNA “ladder?”

base pairs (ATCG)

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61

what type of bonds hold the DNA ladder rungs together?

hydrogen bonds

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62

three scientists who contributed to the discoveries of DNA

James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Francis Crick

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63

what did those three scientists discover about DNA?

its double-helix, twisted ladder structure

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64

what is helicase? what function does it perform?

enzyme; unzips DNA

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65

what is DNA polymerase? what does it do?

enzyme; helps to match nucleotides and build new DNA

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66

what sugar is found in DNA

deoxyribose

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67

what sugar is found in RNA?

ribose

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68

in what part of the cell does DNA replication, transcription, and translation occur

replication: either nucleus or cytoplasm

transcription: nucleus

translation: cytoplasm

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69

nitrogen base pairing rules

AT, CG

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70

homozygous

having two identical alleles of a particular gene/genes

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71

heterozygous

having two different alleles of a particular gene/genes

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72

purebred

two parents who are the same (think dog breeds)

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73

hybrid

having two parents who are different

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74

artificial selection

human intervention within nature

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75

natural selection

survival of the fittest

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76

gene

basic unit of heredity; occupies a specific location on a chromosome

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77

allele

specific variation of a gene

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78

dominant

winner gene; overcomes recessive trait and is expressed

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recessive

loser gene; is overcome by dominant gene

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80

geneotype

not concerned with expression, only pairs

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81

phenotype

the expression of a trait

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82

locus

position of a gen/mutation on a chromosome

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83

sex chromosome

XX female, XY male

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autosome

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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85

simple dominance

one allele masks another

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86

incomplete dominance

both alleles are partially expressed; resulting in a different phenotype

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87

codominance

two versions of the same gene expressed seperately (spots)

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polygenic inheritance

one characteristic controlled by 2 or more genes

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89

mutation

changing of structure of a gene

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90

genetic engineering

human interference of genes

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91

punnett square

diagram used for genotypic prediction

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92

monohybrid

hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specified gene

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93

dihybrid

hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes

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94

diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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95

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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96

gametes

sex cells

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97

zygotes

fertilized ovum

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98

pedigree

family history; charts a hereditary trait thru past generations and aids in tracing phenotypes and predicting genotypes

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99

humans have how many chromosomes

46, or 23 pairs

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100

interphase

cell grows, replicates its chromosomes, and preps for cell division

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