Biology Final Study Guide

five characteristics of living things

made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop, respond to environment, and use energy

five needs of living things

food, water, energy, gasses, space

covalent bond

consists of mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms

ionic bond

formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another

hydrogen bond

an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds

solute

substance that is being dissolved

solvent

dissolving medium

hypertonic solution

higher solute concentration

hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration

isotonic solution

solutions that contain the same concentration of water and solutes as the cell cytoplasm

aqueous solution

solution where water is the solute

four basic macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

monomer

atoms/small molecules that bond together to form polymers

polymer

large molecules made of monomers

elements of carbs

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

elements of lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

elements of proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

elements of nucleic acids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

monomers of carbs

monosaccharides

monomers of lipids

glycerol, fatty acids

monomers of proteins

amino acids

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

function of carbs

provide material to build cell membrane

function of lipids

store energy, insulate organs, direct growth

function of proteins

provide structure, aid in molecule movement, provide immunity

function of nucleic acids

contains genetic info, directs growth

examples of carbs

glucose, fructose, lactose, cellulose

examples of lipids

fats, oils, waxes

examples of proteins

insulin, hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes

examples of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

five properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, expands when freezes, universal solvent

cohesion

water sticks to other water molecules

adhesion

water can also be attracted to other surfaces/molecules

high surface tension

water has a tension at its surface

expands when freezes

solid water is less dense than liquid water

universal solvent

dissolves ionic and polar substances

in a water molecule, which atom gives water the partially positive charge?

hydrogen

in a water molecule, which atom gives water the partially negative charge?

oxygen

diffusion

molecule movement from high to low concentration

osmosis

movement of water across semipermeable membrane

intracellular fluid

inside the cell

extracellular fluid

outside the cell

does the solute move inside or outside the cell: intracellular fluid=5% salt, extracellular fluid=10% salt

outside; the water wants to go where there is more salt

nucleus

organelle of eukaryotic cells that acts as a control center controlling the actions of the cell and containing the genetic material

mitochondria

cell organelle that transforms energy from sugars into usable energy for the cell

golgi apparatus

organelle that receives substances from the ER and packages them into membrane sacs called vesicles to be delivered inside or outside of the cell

cytoplasm

consists of everything within the cell membrane except for the nucleus and also contains the gel-like fluid of the cell called cytosol which all the cell organelles are suspended in

ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with these, though smooth ER lacks these; they are involves in making proteins

hydrophylic

cell membrane is structured as a phospholipid bilayer where the _____ heads of the phospholipid are making contact with the watery environments inside and outside the cell

hydrophobic

tails the phospholipid are facing each other to escape the watery environments inside and outside the cell

reactants (imputs) of cellular respiration

sunlight, water, CO2

products (outputs) of cellular respiration

oxygen, glucose

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

high-energy molecule used by cells (energy for all living things)

three stages of cellular respiration (and where each stage occurs)

glycolysis (cytoplasm) citric acid cycle (mitochondria) electron transport chain (mitochondria)

process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself

DNA replication

three parts of a nucleotide

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

here’s a diagram of a nucleotide

wow ok thanks

here’s a diagram of DNA

woah that’s so cool

what makes up the sides of the DNA “ladder?”

alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups

what makes up the rungs of the DNA “ladder?”

base pairs (ATCG)

what type of bonds hold the DNA ladder rungs together?

hydrogen bonds

three scientists who contributed to the discoveries of DNA

James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Francis Crick

what did those three scientists discover about DNA?

its double-helix, twisted ladder structure

what is helicase? what function does it perform?

enzyme; unzips DNA

what is DNA polymerase? what does it do?

enzyme; helps to match nucleotides and build new DNA

what sugar is found in DNA

deoxyribose

what sugar is found in RNA?

ribose

in what part of the cell does DNA replication, transcription, and translation occur

replication: either nucleus or cytoplasm

transcription: nucleus

translation: cytoplasm

nitrogen base pairing rules

AT, CG

homozygous

having two identical alleles of a particular gene/genes

heterozygous

having two different alleles of a particular gene/genes

purebred

two parents who are the same (think dog breeds)

hybrid

having two parents who are different

artificial selection

human intervention within nature

natural selection

survival of the fittest

gene

basic unit of heredity; occupies a specific location on a chromosome

allele

specific variation of a gene

dominant

winner gene; overcomes recessive trait and is expressed

recessive

loser gene; is overcome by dominant gene

geneotype

not concerned with expression, only pairs

phenotype

the expression of a trait

locus

position of a gen/mutation on a chromosome

sex chromosome

XX female, XY male

autosome

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

simple dominance

one allele masks another

incomplete dominance

both alleles are partially expressed; resulting in a different phenotype

codominance

two versions of the same gene expressed seperately (spots)

polygenic inheritance

one characteristic controlled by 2 or more genes

mutation

changing of structure of a gene

genetic engineering

human interference of genes

punnett square

diagram used for genotypic prediction

monohybrid

hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specified gene

dihybrid

hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes

diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

gametes

sex cells

zygotes

fertilized ovum

pedigree

family history; charts a hereditary trait thru past generations and aids in tracing phenotypes and predicting genotypes

humans have how many chromosomes

46, or 23 pairs

interphase

cell grows, replicates its chromosomes, and preps for cell division