Untitled Flashcard Set

What did the ancestors of today's Native Americans cross to arrive in North America?

A land bridge called Beringia.

What is the most important development of the archaic era, allowing a more settled way of life?

The transition from hunting to farming, known as the Neolithic Revolution.

What crop became the basis of the Mesoamerican diet?

Maize, also known as corn.

Which Mesoamerican civilization was a precursor to later maize-based societies in North America?

The Olmec civilization.

What type of religions did Mesoamericans practice?

Polysthetic religions.

What system did Mesoamericans develop that included writing, pyramids, and a calendar?

A writing system that allowed them to predict eclipses and solstices.

What civilization is considered the mother of Mesoamerican cultures?

The Olmec civilization.

Which civilization flourished in Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala from 2000 BCE to 900 CE?

The Maya civilization.

What irrigation system did the Aztec civilization establish in Tenochtitlán?

Chinampas, or 'floating gardens'.

What term refers to the tribes that constructed multistoried buildings in the Southwest?

Pueblo.

What system did the Inca civilization use to communicate and keep records?

Quipu.

Which state replaced Ghana as the leading power in West Africa by 1200?

Mali.

What type of slavery was unknown in Africa?

Chattel slavery, hereditary slavery.

What major religion rose in West Africa?

Islam.

What disease spread by rat-borne merchants killed about one-third of Europe's population?

The bubonic plague.

What period came between the fall of the Roman Empire and the European Renaissance?

The Middle Ages.

What system involved lords, knights, and serfs in medieval Europe?

Feudalism.

Who were the opposing sides in the Crusades?

Christians and Muslims.

Who led a Christian force in defeating a Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732?

Charles Martel.

What was the campaign to root out Jews and Muslims in Spain called?

The Spanish Inquisition.

What percentage of Western Europe's population were peasants, also known as serfs?

About 60 percent.

What European nation ushered in aggressive colonization in the 1400s?

Portugal.

Which country surpassed Portugal as the dominant European power in the 1500s?

Spain.

Who spearheaded Portugal's exploration of Africa and the Atlantic?

Prince Henry the Navigator.

What castle was tied to the establishment of the first plantations using African slave labor?

Elimina Castle.

Who established the first colonies in the Americas?

The Spanish.

Which explorer made voyages to the New World for the king and queen of Spain?

Christopher Columbus.

What treaty did Pope Alexander VI draw to avoid conflict between Spain and Portugal?

The Treaty of Tordesillas.

What were the names of the three ships Columbus sailed on his first voyage?

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.

Who was aided by a Nahua woman called La Malinche in defeating the Aztecs?

Hernan Cortez.

What disease played a significant role in the downfall of Tenochtitlán?

Smallpox.

Who defeated the Inca empire in the 1530s?

Francisco Pizarro.

Which author is known for creating 'Don Quixote' during the Spanish Golden Age?

Miguel de Cervantes.

What is the name of the colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that is known as 'the lost colony'?

Roanoke.

What allowed investors to pool resources for establishing New World colonies?

Joint stock companies.

What company established the Virginia Colony in 1607?

The Virginia Company.

Who led the Pilgrims in establishing the first New England settlement at Plymouth?

William Bradford.

What compact did the Separatists sign upon landing at Plymouth in 1620?

The Mayflower Compact.

What was the largest French trading post established in 1608?

Quebec.

Who explored New York Harbor in search of a northwest passage to Asia?

Henry Hudson.

What was the Dutch colony named that served as a fur-trading outpost near modern-day New York and New Jersey?

New Netherland.

What were the legal rights to native labor granted by the Spanish crown known as?

Encomiendas.

Who inspired the so-called Black Legend through his writings about the treatment of Native peoples?

Bartolomé de Las Casas.

What economic theory suggested a nation's power depended on its wealth in raw materials from colonies?

Mercantilism.

What term describes the crossover of people, animals, and crops between the New World and the Old World?

The Columbian Exchange.

What rebellion killed over four hundred Spaniards in 1680?

The Pueblo Revolt.

What event is referred to as the 'starving time' in Jamestown?

The winter of 1609-1610 when food supplies were scarce.

What crop ultimately led to the success of Jamestown?

Tobacco.

What labor contracts involved English poor selling their labor to pay for their trip to the colonies?

Indentured servitude.

Where did the transition from indentured servitude to slavery first happen?

Virginia.

What rebellion occurred in Virginia due to the frustration over land access and Native American conflicts?

Nathaniel Bacon's rebellion.

What laws laid the foundation for racial slavery in Virginia?

Bacon's Laws.

What did John Winthrop mean by saying 'We shall be as a city upon a hill'?

He believed the Puritans were to create a new English commonwealth.

Why was Anne Hutchinson banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Because of her unorthodox religious beliefs.

How did the Algonquian peoples initially view the Puritans?

As potential allies.

Which tribe concluded a peace treaty with the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1621?

The Wampanoag tribe.

What massacre foreshadowed future conflicts between the English and the Natives in 1637?

The Puritans' massacre of the Pequot.

What was the name of the brutal transatlantic crossing endured by African slaves?

The Middle Passage.

What communities did some enslaved people create to resist recapture?

Maroon communities.

What was the prized European weapon that many sought to obtain?

Musket.