Entire Unit 4 APUSH

Marbury vs Madison (1803)

This landmark case established the power of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to strike down laws as unconstitutional, reinforcing the checks and balances system.

Tariff of 1816)

The first protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to shield American manufacturers from British competition after the War of 1812, encouraging domestic industry.

War Hawks (1811-1812)

A group of pro-war congressmen from the South and West, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who pushed for war with Britain to defend U.S. honor and secure American expansion.

McCullough vs Maryland (1819)

This case ruled that states could not tax federal institutions, like the Second Bank of the U.S., reinforcing federal supremacy and supporting a broad interpretation of the Constitution under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Sectionalism (Early 1800s)

The growing divide between the North, South, and West due to differing economic interests, such as slavery in the South versus industrialization in the North, which increased tensions and threatened national unity.

First Two Party System (1790s-1820s)

The political rivalry between the Federalists (led by Hamilton, favoring strong federal government and commerce) and the Democratic-Republicans (led by Jefferson, favoring states' rights and agrarianism), which shaped the nation's early political structure.

Embargo Act (1807)

A law enacted by Jefferson that banned all American exports in response to British and French interference with U.S. ships, severely damaging the American economy, particularly in New England.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the nation's size, giving the U.S. control of the Mississippi River, and fueling westward expansion.

Tecumseh (1811-1813)

A Shawnee chief who attempted to form a Native American confederacy to resist U.S. expansion into the Northwest Territory. His efforts were ended with his defeat and death in the War of 1812.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

A war fought between the U.S. and Britain over issues like trade restrictions and the impressment of American sailors. The war ended in a stalemate, but it increased U.S. nationalism and weakened Native American resistance.

American System (1820s)

Henry Clay's economic plan to unify the nation by promoting a national bank, protective tariffs to support U.S. industry, and federal funding for internal improvements like roads and canals.

Henry Clay (Early 1800s)

A key political leader known for the Missouri Compromise, the American System, and his role in uniting the nation through compromise to avoid conflict over slavery and economic policies.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A foreign policy declaration by President Monroe warning European nations not to interfere in the Americas, asserting U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere and marking the beginning of a more assertive American foreign policy.

Interchangeable Parts (Early 1800s)

Allowed for mass production and faster assembly, crucial in industrializing America, especially in manufacturing firearms.

Steam Engine (Late 1700s-1800s)

Powered factories and steamboats, boosting productivity and driving the Market Revolution and industrialization.

Entrepreneur (1800s)

Key figures in economic growth, starting new businesses and fostering innovation during the industrial boom.

Regional Identity (1800s)

Economic and cultural differences between the North, South, and West led to distinct identities, increasing sectionalism.

Nativism (1830s-1850s)

Anti-immigrant sentiment, especially against Irish and Germans, leading to restrictive policies and the rise of the Know-Nothing Party.

Know-Nothing Party (1840s-1850s)

A political movement that opposed immigration and Catholic influence, reflecting fears of foreign changes in society.

Suffrage (Early 1800s)

Voting rights expanded to include all white men, not just landowners, reflecting a shift toward more democratic participation.

Second-Party System (1828-1854)

Political era dominated by Democrats and Whigs, shaping U.S. politics with debates over economic policies and government power.

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

Period of political unity and national pride following the War of 1812, marked by a temporary decline in partisan conflict.

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs, testing the balance between states' rights and federal power.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast to territories west of the Mississippi, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Lewis and Clark (1804-1806)

Exploration of the Louisiana Territory, mapping the region and establishing American presence in the West.

Pet Banks (1833)

State banks that received federal deposits after President Jackson dismantled the national bank, contributing to financial instability.

Freemasons (1800s)

A secretive fraternal organization often viewed with suspicion; its influence in politics and society sparked anti-Masonic movements.

Panic of 1837)

An economic depression caused by bank failures, declining cotton prices, and financial instability following Jackson's banking policies.

Seneca Falls (1848)

The first women's rights convention in the U.S., where the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted, calling for gender equality.

Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

A document modeled after the Declaration of Independence, advocating for women's rights, particularly suffrage.

Utopian Communities (1820s-1840s)

Experimental societies aiming for perfection in social and economic structures, reflecting the idealism of the Second Great Awakening.

Temperance Movement (1820s-1850s)

A campaign against alcohol consumption, advocating for moderation or abstinence, often tied to religious and moral reform.

Transcendentalists (1830s-1840s)

A philosophical movement that emphasized individualism, nature, and self-reliance, influential in American literature and reform.

Abolitionist Movement (1830s-1860s)

A movement dedicated to ending slavery, gaining momentum in the North and laying the groundwork for the Civil War.

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement, advocating for women's voting rights and gender equality.

Second Great Awakening (Early 1800s)

A religious revival that sparked social reform movements, including abolition, temperance, and women's rights.

Market Revolution (Early 1800s)

Economic shift from local markets to national commerce, driven by new transportation, industrialization, and innovations.

Erie Canal (1825)

A major waterway connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, transforming trade and settlement patterns in the Northeast.

Cotton Gin (1793)

Invented by Eli Whitney, it revolutionized cotton processing and increased the demand for slave labor in the South.

Francis Cabot Lowell (1810s)

Industrialist who introduced the factory system to the U.S., centralizing textile production and employing young women.

Lowell "Mill Girls" (1810s-1840s)

Young women employed in Lowell textile factories, representing the early industrial workforce and challenges of labor conditions.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power between North and South.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Agreement with Spain ceding Florida to the U.S. and defining the boundary between U.S. and Spanish territories in the West.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

The alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams' presidency in exchange for Clay's appointment as Secretary of State.

Whig Party (1833-1854)

A political party opposing Andrew Jackson's Democrats, advocating for a strong Congress, infrastructure projects, and modernization.

John Marshall's Supreme Court (1801-1835)

Marshall, as Chief Justice, expanded federal power and cemented the role of the judiciary by enforcing decisions like Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland, creating a stronger national government.