AP Euro Chapter 12: European Society and the Age of the Renaissance 1350-1550

Humanism/Humanist

Humanism is the idea that a human’s way of life has value and it is important outside the Church whilst Humanist were the people that advocated the importance of self worth outside of the church

S: secular movement that shifted the medieval focus on the afterlife to a revolutionary and intellectual Renaissance emphasis on human potential and classical learning and contributed to the awakening of the Catholic Church and people began to question the church and their religious authority.

—>Civic Humanism

Idea that people have a responsibility to make sure their society is ran correctly and to uphold the morals of society by getting involved.

Christian Humanism

(the first humanists were actually Christians who wanted to reform the church) idea that people have a responsibility to uphold the moral guidelines of the church.

Secularized

Non-religious

Debate about women

Debate about the role and rights of women in society.

S: still going on today!

Purity of Blood

The idea during the Spanish Inquisition and Reconquista that your parents have to be Christian to be considered a “pure bled” Christian (you must be born into the religion)

S: people that converted were considered second class citizens, Muslims and Jews either convert or they're kicked out!

Communes

Group of freed men in Italy that organized ways to improve their quality of life after the plague and the decline of serfdom as freed men had no where to go and no longer had any liberty because they were not tied to any land.

Patronage

When someone uses their wealth and/or influence to support a cause, people, or an event

S: an example was Prince Henry the Navigator which used his influence and position to fund exploration which ultimately led to bringing on the Age of Exploration.

Virtu

The idea that people shale their society/it's ones contributions that shape the world around them.

New Christians

Those that converted to Christianity that were Islamic or Jewish during the Reconquista and Inquisition

S: considered second-class citizens and those who refused to convert were kicked out and called heretics.

Popolo

Common people (usually freed men)

S: were disenfranchised/discriminated against as they were forced to pay taxes but not represented in politics and lacked political power and rights = overtime, formed armed riots and resistance until change was made.

Condottieri

Brutal, powerful military leaders in Europe that acted as mercenaries.

S: stopped the riots of the popolo by any means necessary and sometimes took political power .

Oligarchs

Wealthy merchants that used their money and position to influence the political structure within a society.

S: example was the medici family.

Signori

Where men of power that are secular rulers are able to rule a city in Italy and have the ability to pass their dynastic title on to their offspring.

Medici Family

Family of merchants (oligarchs) that took control of Florence that marry into royalty.

S: considered one of the most influential and powerful families in all of Europe and they started opening up and controlling banks and controlled banking in the church.

—> Cosino de’ Medici

Merchant banker that established dynastic like for the Medicis in Florence

S: one of the first medici rulers and allowed the medici family to make a new for themselves.

—> Lorenzo de’ Medici (the Magnificent)

Son of Cosimo de’ Medici

S: establishes strong control over Florence .

Savonarola

Renaissance thinker that believed people were born sinful, despised the depiction and emphasis on human beauty (such as through art, poetry, music, and clothing), and had a pessimistic view on human nature.

S: his actions weakened the authority of the Medici Family

Borgia Family

Spanish Italian family rivaling the Medici family

S: one of the most influential families in Italy responsible for promoting the Age of Exploration.

—>Pope Alexander VI

Borgia Pope that implemented the Line of Demarcation and drafted the Treaty of Tordesullas in 1494

S: the Line of Demarcation divides the unexplored world between Spain and Portugal (S gets West and P gets E) so they can christianize the unexplored world but when they fight over Brazil he drafts the Treaty of Tordesillas that stated it was first come first serve= Spain gets the Philippines and Portugal claims Brazil.

—> Cesare Borgia

Son of Pope Alexander VI

S: the face and image of Jesus Christ, his best friend was Machiavelli which wrote a book called “The Prince” about him describing people should rule by any means necessary in order to gain control as Cesare was ruler of one of the Italian city-states.

Pope Julius II

An aggressive pope known as the warrior Pope because he led wars throughout Italian states to consolidate papal power

S: one of the most powerful popes

Tudor Dynasty of England

Prosperous dynasty of England

S: transformed England to become one of the most powerful and largest empires in the world.

—>Henry VII(7)

King of England after the War of Roses (English people were fighting over the next heir to the English throne)

S: first Tudor to the establish Tudor Dynasty and married Elizabeth of York to unify England.

Henry VIII of England/Defender of the faith

One of the most famous of the Tudor Monarchs because of his actions involving the church and he fought religious wars

S: responsible for initiating the English Reformation after separating the Church of England from Roman Catholic authority and declared himself—not the pope—the supreme head of the Church of England after the Catholic Church refused to let him divorce his old wife he didn't want anymore. He made England Protestant and establishes his theocracy in England with him in the center by creating the Anglican Church of England.

Hapsburg Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire/Austria/Spain

Family in Europe originally from Spain that gained power through marrying women with large estates.

S: become one of the most powerful families in Europe, secular rulers of the HRE on behalf of the Church (become the secular arm for the Roman Catholic Church), and have territory throughout Europe and in the Americas.

Charles V of HRE/Charles I of Spain

Charles V of HRE was the title he had as Holy Roman Emperor and he had his own territory in Spain

S: secular ruler that worked on behalf of the Church and controlled land in the Americas.

Isabella d’ Este

Influential noblewoman

S: considered the first lady of the Renaissance as she patronized Renaissance art using her money and influence; promoting artistic work and achievements.

Christine de Pizan

Literate noblewoman during the Renaissance

S: considered one of the first feminists as she advocated for women's rights in her book called, “The City of Ladies”

Gutenberg

German engineer responsible for improving the woodblock printing press from China by making it metal

S: revolutionized the printing press as his advancement allowed for more books to be printed, this increasing literacy and legitimizing vernacular languages.

Petrarch

Renaissance thinker that advocated for the rights and liberties of the individual

S: considered the Father of Humanism as he rediscovered ancient Greco-Roman texts.

Erasmus

Dutch Christian Renaissance Humanist that criticized the Church and advocated that the Bible be written in vernacular language

S: Published a Dutch Bible, his book “Praise of Folly” criticized the Catholic Church, and he is responsible for being the catalyst of the ideas formed in the Protestant Reformation.

Giotto

One of the earliest Italian Renaissance artists that painted 2 dimensionally

S: painted the image of the 2D lamentation of Christ (dead Christ being cradled by his mother) and painted Christ with a glow around his head

Donatello

Earliest Renaissance Humanist sculptor

S: one of the first to sculpt nudity as he sculpted the bronze statue of David aligning with biblical themes as he depicted David as a young boy.

Leonardo da Vinci

Famous Italian Renaissance sculpted, painter, inventor, and intellect (also involved in politics)

S: most influential works include The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa which are considered not only the most recognizable pieces of art but also the most controversial.

Raphael (THE BEST ONE LETS GOOOOOO!!!!!)

the red ninja turtle from the greatest series of all time or as famous Italian Renaissance painter

S: recognized for his Madonna and Child (Mary and Christ) along with the School of Athens hung in the papal apartments at the Vatican which contained all the great Greek philosophers.

Michelangelo

The youngest famous Italian Renaissance artist out of the four ninja turtles that made art that reflected what was going on at the time and he was also a sculptor known for his classical art and transition to mannerism.

S: introduced the style of mannerism and famous for the painting of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican and his sculpture of the nude marble statue of David.

Jan Van Eyck

Dutch northern Renaissance painter that used oil paints

S: the usage of his oil based paint created colors that were noticeably more pigmented and painted more secular themes than most Renaissance artists as most artworks were based on religious themes.

Machiavelli—”The Prince”

Italian political theorist that studied government structures and wrote the book The Prince about Cesare Borgia

S: Wrote a book describing how rulers should govern by any means necessary even if it means they must deceive them or use force and fear; the book is a guide on how to rule and his writings helped legitimize the Italian language.

Sir. Thomas More—”Utopia”

English political theorist and writer in northern Renaissance that is famously known for his book Utopia depicting a perfect society

S: Popularized the word Utopia and expressed how a perfect society was only possible through the obstruction of private property and social order; he was one of the earlier to advocate for a perfect society.

Baldassare Catiglione—”Book of Courtier”

Italian Renaissance writer that wrote about how people should act in a polite society

S: his book was a guide on how polite people should act and details what should be acceptable in society.

Italy

Made up of independent city states that housed many wealthy and prosperous but competitive cities

S: birthplace of the Renaissance and the core of the Roman Empire that contained roads, paintings, manuscripts, and architecture that all were derived from the Renaissance

—> Republic of Florence

Wealthy and influential Italian city-state

S: Center of trade and commerce ran by the Medici family that also influenced the Roman Empire

—>Venice

(Rivaled Florence) Another wealthy and important Italian city-state

S: known for the expansion of trade in the Mediterranean sea between Europe and the far east—they are the ones that set sail and opened up Italy for the plague to spread.

—>Milan

Yet another wealthy and powerful Italian port city state that rivaled the others

S: just like Milan; fostered trade. Had a strong military and ran by the merchant family the Sforza family.

—> Papal States

Territories controlled by the papacy in Italy.

—> Naples, kingdom of the Two Sicily’s

Port cities not as involved in the center of the Italian Renaissance as they were independent and were small city states.

S: would be the ones to ultimately unify Italy

HRE (Holy Roman Empire)

Territories that include all of Germany and parts of Italy

S: Church controls parts of Italy and the religious leader is the pope—however—the secular leaders are the Hapsburg and anytime the Church has a conflict, they turn to the Hapsburgs for support (those inbred bastards …)