AP Human Geography Unit 2

Demography

the study of human population

Cohort

a population group unified by a specified common characteristics

Census

a detailed counting of the population that occurs every 10 years in the US

Natural Increase Rate

Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate

Total Fertility Rate

the average number of children born to each woman over her life time

Arithmetic Density

number of people/ total land area

Physiological Density

number of people/ total arable land area

Crude Birth Rate

number of live births per 1,000 people per year

Crude Death Rate

number of deaths per 1,000 people per year

J-Curve

the curve of world population due to exponential growth

S-Curve

the curve as humans hit consistently higher to homeostatic plateaus (carrying capacity)

Population Explosion

worldwide population growth from 1800-2000

Population Implosion

the recent slowing down of the world’s population growth rate due to decreased birth rates in rich nations

Demographic Momentum

number of births increase even as TFR decreases because of the % of women reaching child-bearing ages

Replacement Fertility Rate

when TFR is ≥ 2.1

Ecumene

inhabitable area of the earth’s surface

Nonecumene

Uninhabitable or sparsely populated area of the earth’s surface

Carrying Capacity

the number of people a given area can support

Homeostatic Plateau

population = carrying capacity

Population Pyramid

graph that analyzes a country’s age-sex distribution to help determine population projection

Overpopulation

not based on a number of people, but an availability of resources in a given area

Underpopulation

population is less than what the resources of the area can support

Baby Boomers

the cohort born in the US between 1946 and early 1960s

Generation X

the cohort born in the US during the 60s and 70s

Generation Y

the cohort born between 1981-2000

Thomas Malthus’ Theory

food production increases arithmetically but human population increases exponentially and will eventually outgrow the ability to produce food

Demographic Transition Model

Tool used by demographers to categorize countries’ populations growth rates anomic structure

Demographic Accounting Equation

summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population

P=(B-D)+(I - E)

Dependency Ratio

the number of people whose labor supports the people who cannot work

Migration

permanent movement of a person from one political jurisdiction to another

Immigration

movement into another country with the intent to stay