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UOGD
Unconventional oil and gas development, known as fracking.
Fracking
Extraction method for oil and gas from deep formations.
Active UOG Wells
Approximately 150,000 wells operating in the U.S.
Water Contamination Risks
Potential pollution from fracking fluids and wastewater.
Fracturing Fluids
Chemicals used in fracking, often toxic and carcinogenic.
Surface Spills
Accidental release of fluids at the well site.
Wastewater Treatment
Process to manage and treat fracking wastewater.
Spill Statistics
1-4% of UOG wells report spills.
Violation Statistics
20% of Pennsylvania wells have violations.
Health Effects of UOGD
Increased risks of various health issues from exposure.
Perinatal Outcomes
Health effects related to pregnancy and childbirth.
Childhood Cancer Incidence
Higher rates of cancer in children near UOGD.
Elderly Mortality
Increased death rates in older populations near UOGD.
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change organization.
Global Warming
Average temperature rise of approximately 1.1°C since pre-industrial.
Future Temperature Projections
Potential rise of up to 4.4°C by century's end.
Extreme Weather Events
Increased frequency of heatwaves, droughts, and flooding.
Water Cycle Changes
Altered precipitation patterns and intensity due to climate change.
USGCRP
U.S. Global Change Research Program focusing on climate impacts.
Climate Change Impacts
Affects public health, infrastructure, and natural resources.
NOAA Climate Summaries
State-specific climate data and trends analysis.
CenCO₂PIP Consortium
Research group studying carbon cycle changes due to climate.
Carbon Emissions
Increasing emissions altering natural carbon sinks.
Feedback Mechanisms
Warmer temperatures release more CO₂, accelerating warming.
Carbon Sequestration
Efforts to capture and store atmospheric CO₂.
Climate Change
Global phenomenon affecting regions differently.
Deforestation
Reduces carbon storage and alters climate patterns.
Urban Heat Island Effect
Urbanization increases heat absorption in cities.
Albedo
Land reflectivity affecting climate and temperature.
Methane Emissions
Released from livestock and rice paddies.
Greenhouse Gases
Gases trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Fossil Fuels
Burning coal, oil, and gas releases CO₂.
Industrial Emissions
Processes releasing methane and nitrous oxide.
Aerosols
Particles that can cool or warm the atmosphere.
Global Temperature Records
Reliable data began in the 1880s.
Recent Warming
Most warming occurred in the last 35 years.
Surface Temperature Increase
Earth's average temperature rose about 2.0ºF since 1880.
Record High Temperatures
2024 was the hottest year recorded.
Greenhouse Effect
Natural process trapping heat to support life.
Solar Radiation
Energy from the Sun warming Earth's surface.
Infrared Radiation
Heat radiated back into space from Earth.
Water Vapor Feedback
Increased warmth leads to more atmospheric water vapor.
Positive Feedback Loop
Amplified warming from increased water vapor.
Human Activities
Actions like deforestation increasing greenhouse gas levels.
Global Warming
Long-term increase in Earth's average temperature.
Global Financial Crisis
Event in 2008 causing lower emissions in 2011.
COVID-19 Pandemic
Event in 2020 leading to reduced emissions.
China
Largest emitter of carbon dioxide globally.
United States
Second largest emitter of carbon dioxide.
CO₂ Dissolution in Oceans
25%-30% of CO₂ dissolves in ocean waters.
Atmospheric CO₂ Absorption
55% of CO₂ enters the atmosphere directly.
Plant CO₂ Absorption
15-20% of CO₂ absorbed by plants.
CO₂ Fertilization Effect
Temporary boost in plant growth from CO₂.
Ocean CO₂ Sources
Warm tropical oceans release CO₂ into the atmosphere.
Ocean CO₂ Sinks
Cool high-latitude oceans absorb more CO₂.
Population Growth Impact
Increased energy demand leads to higher emissions.
Economic Growth Impact
Industrial activity increases emissions from fossil fuels.
Technological Change
Advancements can reduce emissions and improve efficiency.
Standard of Living
Higher living standards often increase energy consumption.
Natural Gas
Less CO₂ than coal but still contributes to warming.
Coal Emissions
Major source of CO₂ emissions from burning.
Tar Sands and Oil Shale
Carbon-intensive sources with high emissions during processing.
Solar and Wind Energy
Renewable sources that can significantly reduce emissions.
Nuclear Power
Produces no CO₂ during operation, but has waste concerns.
Ice Age Duration
Lasted 20-33 million years with permanent ice.
Eocene Warm Period
Warmest period, 15 degrees warmer than today.
Pleistocene Climate Cycles
Cycles of glacial and interglacial periods.
Holocene Epoch
Current epoch with stable climate since last ice age.
