AP European History Chapters 14, 16, 17, & 18

The final military action of the Crimean War was

located ________.

A. in the region of Alsace and Lorraine, bordering

the French and German border

B. off the coast of Britain, in the English Channel

C. near the Danube River in southern Germany

D. along the coast of the Black Sea and at the

Russian fortress of Sevastopol

D

Why did Great Britain and France align

themselves with the Ottoman Empire during the

Crimean War?

A. They opposed Russian expansion in the eastern

Mediterranean where they had naval and

commercial interests.

B. They feared losing control of holy places in

Palestine.

C. They supported the Ottoman Empire's reasons

for going to war.

D. They feared Russia's expansion plans would

eventually reach their lands.

A

Who were the Young Turks?

A. a group of reformist officers who wanted to

preserve the Ottoman Empire's traditions

B. a group of reformist officers who wanted to

modernize the Ottoman Empire

C. young members of the Ottoman Empire's army

who were training to become military officers

D. an elite group of military officers who conducted

covert surveillance against radicals

B

The Ottoman Empire's constitution of 1876

________.

A. called for a parliament

B. limited the powers of the sultan

C. was a first step toward democracy

D. called for a chamber of deputies appointed by the

sultan

A

The Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane ________.

A. banned the practice of Christianity within the

Ottoman Empire

B. banned the practice of Judaism within the

Ottoman Empire

C. extended civic equality to all Ottoman subjects

regardless of their religion

D. required Christians and Jews to convert to Islam

C

The Hatt-i Hümayun ________.

A. gave non-Muslims equal opportunities for state

employment and state schools

B. excluded non-Muslims from state employment

C. excluded non-Muslims from state schools

D. excluded non-Muslims from military obligations

A

The Italian peninsula was transformed into a

nation-state under a constitutional monarchy by

________.

A. 1850

B. 1855

C. 1860

D. 1865

C

Count Camillo Cavour was a ________.

A. fanatical Catholic

B. fervent democrat

C. socialist

D. strong monarchist

D

Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi

________.

A. conducted guerrilla warfare in their attempts to

establish an Italian republic

B. used secret diplomacy to further their political

ambitions

C. helped to restore the kingdom of Piedmont as a

buffer between France and Austria

D. were the driving forces behind the Congress of

Vienna

A

The two houses of the North German

Confederation were the ________.

A. Dem Deutschen Volke and Bundestag

B. Reichstag and Parliament

C. Parliament and Bundestag

D. Bundesrat and Reichstag

D

The Paris Commune was composed of

________.

A. genuine proletarians

B. radicals and socialists

C. strict communists

D. socialists and anarchists

B

Which of these ruled the French Second Empire?

A. Napoleon III

B. Napoleon Bonaparte

C. Louis XVIII

D. Adolphe Thiers

A

One of the objectives of the Paris Commune was

to ________.

A. administer Paris separately from the rest of

France

B. persuade the government to move the capital

back to Paris

C. combat anti-Semitism in Paris

D. infiltrate the government and military in order to

liberate Paris from France

A

One of the accomplishments of the Third

Republic was the creation of a ________, elected

by universal male suffrage.

A. king

B. prime minister

C. senate

D. Chamber of Deputies

D

The Hungarians accepted which of the

following?

A. the Compromise of 1867

B. the February Patent

C. the October Diploma

D. a federation of states

A

Which of the following instituted the most

extensive restructuring of Russian society and

administration since Peter the Great?

A. Alexander II

B. Alexander III

C. Nicholas I

D. Nicholas II

A

Which of the following distinguished Russia

from the rest of Europe in the 1800s, but was

ended in February 1861?

A. bourgeoisie

B. serfdom

C. conscription

D. legalism

B

Following the January Insurrection of 1863,

________ was treated as merely another Russian

province.

A. Finland

B. Lithuania

C. Poland

D. Latvia

C

In 1850, all males in Russia were subject to

military service for ________ years.

A. 18

B. 19

C. 25

D. 21

C

One of the flaws of Russia's new legal system,

which was modeled after Western legal

principles, was that ________.

A. it did not allow for trial by jury

B. it did not consider all accused parties equal

before the law

C. the tsar could overrule the judge's sentence

D. the tsar could elect to hear a trial

C

In 1863, ________ nationalists unsuccessfully

attempted to overthrow Russian dominance.

A. German

B. Czech

C. Polish

D. Japanese

C

The Ballot Act of 1872 introduced ________.

A. universal male suffrage

B. suffrage to Caucasian males without Anglican

religious requirements

C. a literacy poll for voting requirements

D. voting by secret ballot

D

24. The leader of Ireland's movement for home rule

in the late 1800s was ________.

A. William Gladstone

B. Charles Stewart Parnell

C. Benjamin Disraeli

D. Daniel O'Connell

B

Who shepherded the Second Reform Act of

1867?

A. Benjamin Disraeli

B. William Gladstone

C. Lord Derby

D. Lord Russell

A

Irish home rule passed the House of Lords in

________.

A. 1914

B. 1886

C. 1892

D. 1912

A

The Crimean War was rooted in the ________.

A. desire for unification of all German-speaking

people

B. hopes of the Italian people for unification on the

peninsula

C. long-standing desire of Russia to extend its

influence over the Ottoman Empire

D. British desire to dominate all eastern trade

C

The Crimean War was the first to ________.

A. utilize modern trench warfare

B. engineer and use early airplanes

C. be covered by war correspondents and

photographers

D. issue modern mess kits, including penicillin

C

For the first twenty-five years after the Crimean

War, European affairs were ________.

A. relatively stable as countries respected the

Vienna settlement

B. tumultuous as countries adapted to shifts in

power

C. unstable as fears of revolutions declined and the

great powers had less reverence for the Vienna

settlement

D. stable as countries joined forces to prevent

another war

C

Which of these describes the military operations

of the Crimean War?

A. The British and French troops were superior to

those of the Ottomans and Russians.

B. The Russian troops were superior to all other

forces.

C. The Ottoman troops were superior to all other

forces.

D. All of the troops were inept, ill-equipped, and

poorly commanded.

D

Which element of nineteenth-century European

order was destroyed by the Crimean War?

A. the split between Orthodox Christians and

Roman Catholics

B. the Concert of Europe

C. multinational empires

D. the myth of Prussian invincibility

B

Issued as a decree from the sultan, the Hatt-i

Sharif of Gülhane attempted to ________.

A. formally annex Serbia and all Slavic peoples to

the Ottoman Empire

B. reorganize the empire's administration and

military along European lines

C. pressure bureaucrats to recognize only

Christianity as a legitimate religion

D. democratize the Ottoman Empire

B

What event(s) demonstrated the Ottoman

Empire's inability to regain its former power?

A. the Balkan wars of the late 1870s

B. the Crimean War

C. the Treaty of Paris

D. the issuing of the Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane

A

The most important nationalist leader in Europe,

who brought new fervor to the hopes of Italian

nationalism and unification in the 1830s and

1840s, was ________.

A. Giuseppe Mazzini

B. Francisco Franco

C. Giuseppe Garibaldi

D. Camillo Cavour

A

Count Camillo Cavour's methods to achieve

Italian unification would best coincide with

which philosopher's ideology?

A. Locke

B. Machiavelli

C. Robespierre

D. Descartes

B

A formal treaty in December 1858 confirmed an

agreement between Count Camillo Cavour and

Napoleon III that would ________.

A. provoke a war in Italy which would in turn

permit Italy and France to defeat Austria

B. overthrow Mazzini and allow direct Italian

unification, with French assistance

C. defeat the Russians at Sevastopol with Italian

and French forces

D. spark revolution in Austria

A

In 1866, Venetia was added to Italy in exchange

for ________.

A. Italy's formal recognition of Prussia as an

independent nation-state

B. Italy's alliance with Prussia in the Austro-

Prussian War

C. Italy's military aid to the Prussians in the

Crimean War

D. recognition of papal authority in central Italy

B

Bismarck embraced the cause of German

nationalism ________.

A. as a strategy to enable Prussian conservatives to

outflank Prussian liberals

B. as a means of deterring a French invasion with a

growing military force

C. in hopes of supporting a larger population to

undergo European dominance

D. as a political move to solicit an Italian ally in a

forthcoming war against Austria

A

Prussia excluded Austria from German affairs by

________.

A. denying Austrian claims at the Convention of

Gastein

B. defeating Austria in the Seven Weeks' War

C. encouraging and succeeding in an Italian defeat

of Austria

D. gaining European-wide support for its policies

C.

In the 1860s, Napoleon III made concessions to

the liberals ________.

A. to compensate for his failures in foreign policy

B. to stifle growing calls for a revolution

C. to deflect attention away from his failures in

domestic reforms

D. in an attempt to suppress a military coup

A

Emperor Francis Joseph's scheme for centralized

administration of the Habsburg Empire meant

that the government was dominated by

________.

A. Russians

B. liberals

C. Hungarians

D. German-speaking Austrians

D

Austria-Hungary's formation of a dual monarchy

in 1867 ________.

A. meant greater Austrian control of Hungary

B. meant that a Magyar occupied the Hungarian

throne

C. meant that Austria and Hungary became virtually

separate states

D. enabled Austria-Hungary to become a major

imperial power in Africa

C

Which of the following groups would have

supported the Ausgleich of 1867?

A. Czechs

B. Hungarians

C. Romanians

D. Croatians

B

Czech "trialism" was vetoed and argued against

because ________.

A. Francis Joseph was not willing to accept the

concept

B. the Magyars believed they might be forced to

make similar concessions to their own subject

nationalities

C. the Germans in the empire would lose standing

D. there was little public support for it in Bohemia

B

The Balkan tensions of the late 1800s ________.

A. helped to spark the First World War

B. decreased as national groups linked themselves

to established states

C. were a major source of political instability in

Western Europe

D. were a result of conflicts between the Habsburg

and Ottoman empires

A

The Russian government responded to radical

revolutionary groups that emerged in the late

1800s by ________.

A. meeting with them to hear their concerns

B. making limited concessions

C. increasing repression

D. introducing liberal reforms

C

What motivated Alexander II to abolish

serfdom?

A. socialist ideas about oppression

B. socialist ideas about land ownership

C. classical economist ideas about labor

D. belief that serfdom would hold Russia back

D

Russian peasants responded to young

revolutionaries who tried to win their support for

social reforms based on the communal life of

peasants by ________.

A. embracing their cause and joining the revolution

B. accepting their ideas but expressing skepticism

for their methods

C. engaging in violent conflicts with the

revolutionaries

D. turning the revolutionaries over to the police

D

Refer to the essay "The Arrival of Penny

Postage." How did the changes in the British

postal service affect the quantity of mail and the

size of the government work force?

A. Both the quantity of mail and the size of the

government work force rose.

B. The size of the government work force rose to

prevent mail fraud, and the mail quantity

decreased.

C. The new changes did not affect the size of the

government, but the quantity of mail rose

significantly.

D. The new changes did not affect the quantity of

mail, but the size of government increased

significantly.

A

Gladstone's ministry of 1868 to 1874 witnessed

the culmination of ________.

A. staunch conservatism

B. classical British liberalism

C. radical socialism

D. renowned republicanism

B

Ireland played the same role in British politics

that ________did in Habsburg politics.

A. Hungary

B. Austria

C. Prussia

D. Poland

A

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire were, in general,

_______.

A. implementations of Sharia law

B. unsuccessful

C. intended to align the empire with Russia

D. westernizing

D

The most important political development in

Europe between 1848 and 1914 was ________.

A. the leadership of Bismarck

B. German unification

C. Russian defeat in the Crimean War

D. Italy's alliance with Prussia against Austria

B

Which of the following statements about

Napoleon III is true?

A. Napoleon III was killed in the Battle of Sedan.

B. Napoleon III was victorious at the Battle of

Sedan.

C. Napoleon III died in exile in 1873.

D. Napoleon III was considered the greatest of all

European leaders of the nineteenth century.

C

Why was 1860 considered a turning point during

the reign of Napoleon III?

A. It marked the shift from a liberal empire into an

authoritative empire.

B. It marked the shift from an authoritative empire

into a liberal empire.

C. It was the year Napoleon III gained control of the

legislature.

D. It was the year Napoleon III permitted labor

unions.

B

William Gladstone disestablished the Church of

Ireland for what reason?

A. to eliminate the church's competition with the

Church of England

B. as a blow to Irish nationalists

C. as a concession to Irish nationalism

D. to begin the process of Irish home rule

C

Literacy rates were lowest in ________.

A. France

B. Scandinavia

C. the Netherlands

D. Italy

D

The Petit Journal is an example of

________.

A. pulp fiction

B. a socialist newspaper

C. a right-leaning newspaper

D. a mass-circulation newspaper

D

Which of the following became a major

factor in the emerging mass politics?

A. political cartoons

B. letters to the editor

C. front-page editorials

D. transcripts of political speeches

C

By the start of World War I, most major

nations of Europe ________.

A. began providing free public education for

the masses

B. provided free elementary and secondary

education for the masses

C. began providing free university education

for the masses

D. provided free elementary, secondary, and

university education for the masses

A

Auguste Comte developed the theory of

________.

A. positivism

B. the science of survival

C. evolutionary ethics

D. relativity

A

The man generally accepted as the father of

popular science fiction was ________.

A. H. G. Wells

B. Jules Verne

C. Jonathan Swift

D. Sir Thomas More

B

Who believed that the struggle in nature

demonstrated how human beings should not

behave?

A. Charles Darwin

B. Thomas Henry Huxley

C. Herbert Spencer

D. Julius Wellhausen

B

Darwin's Descent of Man ________.

A. contended that neither the origin of humans

nor human character required the existence

of a god

B. was a confirmation that human origins

derived from an omniscient god

C. gave scientific support to the notion that

biology was the basis of social success

D. gave scientific support to the notion that

Europeans were biologically superior to

other humans

A

Who believed that struggle against one's

fellow human beings was an ethical

imperative?

A. Julius Wellhausen

B. Sigmund Freud

C. Charles Darwin

D. Herbert Spencer

D

Who contended that the story of Jesus was a

myth?

A. David Friedrich Strauss

B. William Robertson Smith

C. Ernst Renan

D. Julius Wellhausen

A

Friedrich Nietzsche portrayed Christianity as

a religion that ________.

A. glorified the strength that life required

B. glorified human weaknesses

C. demanded heroic living

D. superseded in glory the demands of war

B

In France, the French Catholic Church and

the Third French Republic ________.

A. agreed to replace religious instruction with

civic training

B. were formally separated in 1905

C. worked together to improve the education

system

D. were, essentially, one institution

B

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf

________.

A. was a success

B. was a failure

C. resulted in the release of many bishops from

government imprisonment

D. paved the path for clergy to transition into a

secular life

B

The doctrine of papal infallibility was first

formally promulgated in ________.

A. 1325

B. 1489

C. 1789

D. 1870

D

Max Weber believed that ________.

A. the emergence of rationalism was the major

development in human history

B. bureaucratization led to the destruction of

modern society

C. only economic factors could account for

major developments in human history

D. human history reached a high point in the

Middle Ages

A

In his Essay on the Inequality of the Human

Races, Count Arthur de Gobineau

________.

A. portrayed Western troubles as springing

from racial mixing

B. claimed Western troubles were the result of

resistance to intermarriage

C. railed against the racism that had long

existed in European culture

D. blamed the black race for what he called

"contrary discrimination"

A

Theodor Herzl ________.

A. believed that liberal politics could protect

Jews in Europe

B. called for a separate Jewish state in which

Jewish rights and liberties would be

protected

C. called for reforms to benefit Jews living in

ghettos

D. believed that Jews did not deserve an

assurance of rights and liberties without

initiating a move toward a new Jewish state

B

The first genuinely realistic novel is

considered to be ________.

A. A Doll's House

B. Madame Bovary

C. Mrs. Warren's Profession

D. Mrs. Dalloway

B

What was the first important work by the

philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche?

A. The Will to Power

B. Beyond Good and Evil

C. The Birth of Tragedy

D. The Genealogy of Morals

C

In London, what group excluded women

from its ranks, claiming that discussion of

primitive people was an unfit subject for

females?

A. the Ethnological Society

B. the Geological Society

C. the Society of Ethnological Enlightenment

D. the League for Social Order

A

What type of view of women emerged in

late-nineteenth- century fiction and art,

inspired largely by pseudo-science?

A. a worshipful view

B. a misogynistic view

C. a liberal view

D. a scientific view

B

T. H. Huxley claimed to have found

________.

A. scientific proof of female superiority

B. scientific proof of female inferiority

C. scientific proof of equality between men and

women

D. biological evidence of original sin

B

Late-Victorian anthropologists drew a

parallel between women and ________

A. children

B. nonwhite races

C. unlearned men

D. animals

B

Most social scientists of the late nineteenth

and early twentieth century ________.

A. reinforced traditional gender roles

B. supported wider sexual freedoms for women

C. embraced some, but not all, feminist ideas

about gender roles

D. began to take a more liberal view of

marriage, family, and child rearing

A

The Swedish writer Ellen Key believed that

________.

A. the government should financially support

mothers and their children

B. children should be raised in state-supported

communes

C. the government should assume physical

custody and financial support of the children

of unmarried mothers

D. mothers and fathers had equal financial

responsibility for their children

A

Liberals and conservatives recognized that

________.

A. minimal education was needed to help keep

new voters in check

B. extensive education was needed for orderly

political behavior of new voters

C. literacy would jeopardize the productivity of

the work force

D. education leading to better jobs and political

influence was within reach of the masses

A

Mass-circulation newspapers, when first

introduced, were characterized by

________.

A. a high quality level

B. a focus on straight news stories

C. stories about sensational crimes and political

scandals

D. an emphasis on weather and commodities

prices

C

Which of the following most helped the

school-teaching profession grow?

A. university-educated schoolteachers

B. higher-paid teachers

C. more male schoolteachers

D. state-sponsored education

D

Many of the books and journals of the late

nineteenth century were mediocre because

________.

A. many new readers were only marginally

literate

B. many authors were only marginally

proficient

C. reading tastes changed frequently

D. publishing companies lacked adequate

financing

A

Which of the following statements about

evolution is true?

A. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

explained how changes in species occur.

B. Charles Darwin originated the concept of

evolution.

C. Alfred Russel Wallace drew on Darwin's

work

D. Charles Darwin drew on the works of

Wallace

A

Auguste Comte's works were influential

because they ________.

A. helped convince learned Europeans that all

knowledge must resemble scientific

knowledge

B. were the first works to provide evidence that

nature evolved independently of a

supernatural force

C. challenged Darwin's theory of natural

selection

D. provided scientific evidence disputing the

biblical story of Creation

A

Herbert Spencer and Thomas Huxley were

similar in ________.

A. writing responses to Darwin's work

B. criticizing the institutions but not the

teachings of the organized churches

C. both originating theories concerning the

mechanism of evolution

D. arguing against Social Darwinism

A

By midcentury, science had a strong

foothold in ________.

A. state-funded elementary schools

B. church schools

C. state-funded elementary schools and church

schools

D. French and German universities

D

From midcentury on, writers used science to

question ________.

A. ethics

B. history

C. religion

D. philosophy

C

Which of the following modern-day

practices would the Social Darwinists of the

nineteenth century be most likely to

support?

A. UN peacekeeping troops in war-torn

countries

B. welfare states

C. universal health care

D. price wars between competitors

D

The salafiyya movement believed

________.

A. Arabs should modernize themselves on the

basis of a modified version of Islam

B. the Arab world should imitate the West

C. there was no inherent contradiction between

science and Islam

D. the West and modern thought were

incompatible with Islam

C

The factor that caused the greatest loss of

faith in Christianity among literate

Europeans was ________.

A. doubt about the historical validity of the

Bible

B. doubt about the morality of Christianity

C. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection

D. doubt about the scientific validity of

Creationism

A

Scholars in Germany, France, and Britain

claimed that humans had written and revised

the books of the Bible to ________.

A. accommodate problems in Jewish society

and politics

B. reflect Christian social and political mores

C. incorporate scientific knowledge as it

became known

D. make it more credible to contemporary

readers

A

Skeptics who questioned the morality of

Christianity cited ________.

A. the cruelty and unpredictability of the Old

Testament God

B. its intolerance against people of other faiths

C. the irrationality of the New Testament God

D. its lack of equality between men and women

A

Christian missionaries in Muslim lands were

most successful in ________.

A. converting Muslims to Christianity

B. helping to abolish slavery

C. educating young Arabs in science and

medicine

D. promoting more tolerant views of nonwhites

C

The primary reason churches opposed state-

financed schools was they feared ________.

A. future generations educated in state-financed

schools would lack religious training

B. losing students to state-financed schools

would result in their demise

C. states would require them to improve their

educational standards

D. states would limit the churches' power to

control all aspects of the schools' operation

A

The Manet painting A Bar at the Folies-

Bergère shows how ________.

A. different social classes did not mix socially

in modern urban life

B. the middle classes enjoyed a life of leisure

C. the working class was excluded from most

urban leisure activities

D. leisure activities in modern urban life

allowed people from different classes to mix

D

What field of science most influenced racial

thinking at the end of the nineteenth

century?

A. physics

B. biology

C. evolution

D. medicine

B

Modernists were driven by ________.

A. admiration for middle-class society and

morality

B. a concern for the aesthetic

C. a deep concern with social issues

D. a respect for the values of their predecessors

B

The Contagious Diseases Acts in England

were designed to ________.

A. reduce disease in British slums

B. wipe out diseases such as cholera, which

affected all of society

C. protect men from contracting diseases from

prostitutes

D. impose harsh penalties on military men who

spread venereal disease

C