AP Biology - Unit 2 - biochemistry

What is everything made of?

matter

What is matter made of?

atoms

what are the elements that make up 96% of life?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

What do electrons determine?

chemical behavior of the atoms

What is the valence shell?

outermost shell of an atom

what does the chemical behavior depend on?

the number of electrons in the valence shell

what is chemical reactivity?

tendency to drive chemical reactions and create bonds

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed between two atoms that share electrons

van der Waals forces

a slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

nonpolar covalent bond

A pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms

polar covalent bond

A pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms

What is oxygen do?

it has a high electronegativity

surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

capillary action

tendency of water to rise in a thin tube

high specific heat

water resists changes in temperature

high heat of vaporization

many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules

Adhesion

the attraction between water molecules and other molecules

What makes H2O a good solvent?

polarity

what allows water to expand when frozen?

crystal lattice structure

pH

potential hydrogen

Buffer

stabilizes pH

Macromolecules

large molecules

what are the major macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Monomer

building blocks of polymers

What builds polymers?

synthesis

Digestion

Breaking down food

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy, storage, materials, and structure

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

sugar (monosaccharide)

What does -ose mean?

sugar

Aldehyde

A carbonyl group located at the start or end of the carbon skeleton.

Ketone

A carbonyl group located at the middle of the carbon skeleton.

What do carbon bonds form?

stored energy

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Diaccharides

Sugars made up of two sugars

Polysaccharides

a large polymer (starch, cellulose, or glycogen)

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

what is the function of polysaccharides?

energy, storage, and structural support

Chitin

A structural support for arthropods and fungi

why do animals use glycogen?

Glycogen has many branches that store more energy

Why is starch good for storage?

All glycosidic linkages are on the same side so it's easier to digest

Cellulose

cross linkage between OH and is rigid for structure

What is the function of lipids?

long term energy storage

What is the structure of fats?

glycerol + fatty acid

triacylglycerol

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol

ester linkage

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

What are the function of fats?

energy storage, insulate the body, and cushion organs

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature due to a double bond

what is the structure of phospholipids?

Glycerol (Backbone) + 2 Fatty Acids (tails) + Phosphate Group

Are phospholipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

both, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head

What do phospholipids make up?

cell membrane

Steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Cholesterol

Important animal cell membrane

what is the function of nucleic acids?

store genetic information

What are the different types of Nucleic Acids?

DNA, RNA, and ATP

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

what are the monomers of lipids?

glycerol and fatty acids

What are nucleotides made of?

sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

sugar and phosphate

What is the bond in the backbone of DNA called?

phosphodiester bond

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

What are the bonds between amino acids called?

polypeptide bonds

what is the structure of proteins?

amino acids

what is the function of proteins?

enzymes, defense, transport, and structure

How many amino acids are there?

20

what is the polymer of proteins?

polypeptide

what is the structure of amino acids?

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

what are (primary) protein structures held by?

peptide bonds

what are (secondary) protein structures held by?

R groups

what are (Tertiary) protein structures held by?

hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges

what are (quaternary) protein structures held by?

hydrophobic interaction

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due temperature, pH, and salt concentration

What is life built on?

Carbon

Hydrocarbon

combinations of carbon and hydrogen

what do hydrocarbons do?

Make it more stable and high energy storage

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

geometric iosmers

different arrangements around a double bond

trans form

opposite side

cis form

Same side

Enantiomer Isomer

Molecules that are mirror images of each other

hydroxyl group

OH-

what are the properties of hydroxyl?

polar and hydrophilic

what are the common functions of hydroxyl?

they tend to make things more soluble in water

Carbonyl

polar

what is the structure of a carbonyl?

A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

what are the properties of carbonxl?

acidic and negatively charged

what are the common functions of carbonyl?

they are multifaceted and biological acid

what is the structure of amino?

NH2

What are the properties of amino?

polar basic and positively charged

what is the structure of a sulfhydryl?

-SH

what is the function of sulfhydryl?

polar