Studied by 19 people
What is everything made of?
matter
What is matter made of?
atoms
what are the elements that make up 96% of life?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What do electrons determine?
chemical behavior of the atoms
What is the valence shell?
outermost shell of an atom
what does the chemical behavior depend on?
the number of electrons in the valence shell
what is chemical reactivity?
tendency to drive chemical reactions and create bonds
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed between two atoms that share electrons
van der Waals forces
a slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
nonpolar covalent bond
A pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms
polar covalent bond
A pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms
What is oxygen do?
it has a high electronegativity
surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
capillary action
tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
high specific heat
water resists changes in temperature
high heat of vaporization
many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate
Cohesion
Attraction between water molecules
Adhesion
the attraction between water molecules and other molecules
What makes H2O a good solvent?
polarity
what allows water to expand when frozen?
crystal lattice structure
pH
potential hydrogen
Buffer
stabilizes pH
Macromolecules
large molecules
what are the major macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Monomer
building blocks of polymers
What builds polymers?
synthesis
Digestion
Breaking down food
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy, storage, materials, and structure
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
sugar (monosaccharide)
What does -ose mean?
sugar
Aldehyde
A carbonyl group located at the start or end of the carbon skeleton.
Ketone
A carbonyl group located at the middle of the carbon skeleton.
What do carbon bonds form?
stored energy
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
Diaccharides
Sugars made up of two sugars
Polysaccharides
a large polymer (starch, cellulose, or glycogen)
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
what is the function of polysaccharides?
energy, storage, and structural support
Chitin
A structural support for arthropods and fungi
why do animals use glycogen?
Glycogen has many branches that store more energy
Why is starch good for storage?
All glycosidic linkages are on the same side so it's easier to digest
Cellulose
cross linkage between OH and is rigid for structure
What is the function of lipids?
long term energy storage
What is the structure of fats?
glycerol + fatty acid
triacylglycerol
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol
ester linkage
a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
What are the function of fats?
energy storage, insulate the body, and cushion organs
saturated fats
fats that are solid at room temperature
unsaturated fats
A fat that is liquid at room temperature due to a double bond
what is the structure of phospholipids?
Glycerol (Backbone) + 2 Fatty Acids (tails) + Phosphate Group
Are phospholipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
both, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head
What do phospholipids make up?
cell membrane
Steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol
Important animal cell membrane
what is the function of nucleic acids?
store genetic information
What are the different types of Nucleic Acids?
DNA, RNA, and ATP
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
what are the monomers of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are nucleotides made of?
sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
What is the backbone of DNA made of?
sugar and phosphate
What is the bond in the backbone of DNA called?
phosphodiester bond
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
What are the bonds between amino acids called?
polypeptide bonds
what is the structure of proteins?
amino acids
what is the function of proteins?
enzymes, defense, transport, and structure
How many amino acids are there?
20
what is the polymer of proteins?
polypeptide
what is the structure of amino acids?
central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group
what are (primary) protein structures held by?
peptide bonds
what are (secondary) protein structures held by?
R groups
what are (Tertiary) protein structures held by?
hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges
what are (quaternary) protein structures held by?
hydrophobic interaction
Denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due temperature, pH, and salt concentration
What is life built on?
Carbon
Hydrocarbon
combinations of carbon and hydrogen
what do hydrocarbons do?
Make it more stable and high energy storage
Isomers
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
geometric iosmers
different arrangements around a double bond
trans form
opposite side
cis form
Same side
Enantiomer Isomer
Molecules that are mirror images of each other
hydroxyl group
OH-
what are the properties of hydroxyl?
polar and hydrophilic
what are the common functions of hydroxyl?
they tend to make things more soluble in water
Carbonyl
polar
what is the structure of a carbonyl?
A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
what are the properties of carbonxl?
acidic and negatively charged
what are the common functions of carbonyl?
they are multifaceted and biological acid
what is the structure of amino?
NH2
What are the properties of amino?
polar basic and positively charged
what is the structure of a sulfhydryl?
-SH
what is the function of sulfhydryl?
polar
Note 
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