Processes involved in generation of ATP

Mitochondria

• the ATP factory

• the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate releases energy

The ATP cycle

• not spontaneous

• the transfer of energy between complex and simple molecules in the body, with ATP as the mediator

Fuel is needed to generate ATP

• carbohydrates - broken down into simple sugars

• proteins - broken down to amino acids

• fats - broken down to simple fats

Glucoregulation

glucose in food → glucose in blood stream → (facilliated by insulin) into cell →
cellular resp → cellular work

OR

storage for harder times → glucose in bloodstream

Cellular Respiration

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

Conversion of glucose to ATP

1. glycolysis

2. pyruvate oxidation

3. citric acid cycle

4. oxidative phosphorylation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

Glycolysis

• occurs in cytosol

• reactant is glucose

• 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH is produced

• Anaerobic - does not need O2

• invest 2 ATP → Produce 4 ATP

Pyruvate Oxidation

• occurs in mitochondrial matrix

• reactant is 2 pyruvates

• 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 is produced

• Aerobic - O2 is required

• remove CO2 → reduce NAD+ → add coenzyme A

Citric Acid Cycle

• occurs in mitochondrial matrix

• reactant is 2 Acetyl CoA

• 2 ATP, 2FADH2, 4CO2, 6 NADH is produced

• Aerobic - O2 is required

• the CAC is a series of reactions - the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction

ETC & Chemiosmosis

• occurs in inner membrane

• reactant is ~ 10 NADH, ~2 FADH2

• 26 - 28 ATP is produced

• Aerobic - O2 is required

• Electron carries (NADH & FADH2) donate e’s to complex 1 and 2. Complex 1,3,4 pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space. H+ ions run down conc gradient through ATP synthase to spin turbine and produce ATP