Studied by 4 people
What are disadvantages of kidney transplant?
Immunosuppressant drugs, shortage of organs donors and operation carries risks
What are kidney stones?
Salt and minerals precipitating out causing stones that have to excreted through ureter and urethra
What is kidney failure?
Kidneys are no longer able to filter blood, substances are not reabsorbed and proteins and cells can fit through the tubules and nephrons.
What are advantages of kidney dialysis?
Available to all kidney patients and no need for immunosuppressant drugs
What are disadvantages of kidney dialysis?
Expensive for NHS, regular dialysis sessions and limits on salt and protein intake
What are advantages of kidney transplant?
Patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they eat and drink and cheaper for NHS
What are disadvantages of IVF?
Expensive, Not always successful, IVF drugs have health risks, premature babies and ethical problems.
What are advantages of IVF?
Eggs can be stored for long, Free on NHS and Emotional relief
What happens when the eggs have been fertilised?
A few are placed in the uterus of the women.
What happens after the sperm and egg are mixed?
They are checked to have been fertilised and early embryo is developing
What happens to the collected eggs?
They are placed in a Petri dish and mixed with a sample of sperm
What does the use of fertility drugs do?
Increase the amount of mature eggs for collection in IVF
How is LH used to help infertility?
Artificial LSH stimulates the release off an egg
How is FSH used to help infertility?
Artificial FSH can be used to let eggs mature.
What are male reasons for infertility?
Lack of sperm in the semen
What are female reasons for infertility?
Age,Obesity, Damaged oviducts, Lack of important hormones and Eating disorders
What are contraceptive patches?
Patches that release oestrogen and progesterone
What are disadvantages of contraceptive patches?
Last of week.
What are disadvantages of contraceptive injections?
Last for 12 weeks
What are contraceptive injections?
Injections of progesterone.
What are disadvantages of implants?
May prolong periods.
What are advantages of implants?
No pill needed, discrete and no pill needed.
What are disadvantages of IUD/IUS?
Stop periods or worsen them and increased of cancer.
What is an IUD?
Intrauterine device made of copper which is a spermicide
What is an IUS?
Intrauterine device which release progesterone into the uterus.
What is Tubal litigation?
Oviducts are tied to stop egg reaching the uterus
What is a vasectomy?
Sperm ducts are cut to prevent sperm in being in semen
What is abstinence?
No sex (around time of ovulation)
What are disadvantages of the contraceptive pill?
Can cause high blood pressure and cancer
What is homeostasis
maintenance of constant conditions inside the body
what are conditions that need to be controlled in our bodies
water levels
what are types of automatic control responses
nervous and chemical responses
what are nervous responses
electrical impulses using the nervous system
what are chemical responses
using hormones as chemical messengers
why do we have to control our internal temperature?
to avoid slowing enzymes action or denaturing
why do we have to control our water content
can affect the osmotic balance of cells and might affect the state of the cell
why do we have to control our blood glucose concentration
it can affect respiration and brain function if too low and can cause circulatory problems if high
how does information travel in nerves
travel from eye to brain along fast-moving impulses
What are neurons?
nerve cells
what is the central nervous system
brain
what is the release of hormones
secretion
responses to change
ears
What are receptors?
detect stimuli from the environment and send information to the CNS
what are effectors
an organ that does something in response to a stimulus
what are types of effectors
muscles and glands
Parts of a neuron
Dendrites
how is a neurone similar to a normal cell?
nucleus
what is the CNS order
stimulus
what is a motor neurone
carries nerve impulses from the relay neurone to the effector organs
what is sensory neurone
carries nerve impulses from the sense organs to the CNS
what is a receptor
cells which are clustered together in sense organs
what is a stimulus
changes in the environment around you e.g light and sound
What are effectors?
organs which respond to impulses sent by the motor neurone
what are reflexes
automatic responses to stimuli
Why are reflexes important?
avoid danger or harm because they are fast
what part of your body is bypassed during reflex arc
the brain and sensory neurone sends impulses straight to spinal cord
what are types of reflex responses
simple and conditional
what are simple responses
breathing and blinking
what are conditional reflexes
learned responses
What are synpases?
gap between two nerves
what is the order of a reflex arc
stimulus
What is the nervous system?
the body's control system
what is the role of spinal cord in NS
co-ordinates the responses of effectors to changes in the environment
what is the role of neurones in NS
carry electric cal impulses between receptors
what is the role of the brain in NS
co-ordinates the response of effectors
how do synapses arrive
electrical impulse reach the end of the neurone before the synapses and trigger the release of chemicals
how do synapses pass
they diffuse
what components of a reflex arc
stimulus
when is the brain formed
embryo is three weeks and stem cells start to differentiate to produce neurones
what is the cerebral cortex
outer layer of the brain
what does the cerebral cortex control
senses
how does the cerebral cortex function
the right communicates with the left side of the body
What is the cerebellum?
The cerebellum is the part of the brain associated with voluntary responses.
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance and coordination
What is the medulla oblongata?
brain stem
what does the medulla oblongata control
heart rate
What is the mass of medulla oblongata
mass of neurones that make up the medulla oblongata connect the brain to the spinal cord
What is the spinal cord?
carries information between the brain and the rest of the body
what are ways of studying human brains
studying people with brain damage
what is electrically stimulation of the brain
top of skull is removed and different areas are stimulated to see the effect
what are CT scans
shows the shapes of structures in the brain
What are MRIs?
uses magnetic fields and radio waves and signals produced are analyses by computers to produce an image
what are problems with the brain
easily damaged
what are parts of the eye
cornea
what is the cornea
light rays pass through focusing the light rays
what is the iris
Controls how much light enters the pupil
what are lenses
focus light rays onto the back of the eye
what are retina
contains receptors cells for light which allow us to detect light intensity and light colour
what are light receptors
rods and cones
what are rods
cells that detect light (rays)
what are cones
cells that detect colour
what is the optic nerve
Carries electrical impulses from the retina to the brain
what is the sclera
tough out structure protects the eye
what are ciliary muscles/suspensory ligaments
control how light is focused and works with the lens
what are the muscles in the iris
circular and radial
what happens when there is lots of light
contraction of circular muscles cause pupils to constrict and radial muscles to relax
what happens it is dim
contraction of radial muscles cause pupils to dilate and circular muscles to relax
what is accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
how does accommodation work
light is refrecated at cornea and lens
what happens to the lens when focusing far
the lens becomes thinner
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