APUSH VOCAB CHAPTER 2

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founded Maryland as a haven for Catholics; pushed for the Act of Toleration (1649) granting religious freedom to Christians.

Antinomianism

Belief (promoted by Anne Hutchinson) that faith alone, not deeds, is needed for salvation; challenged Puritan authority.

Charter of Liberties (1701)

Pennsylvania law by William Penn guaranteeing freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

Pocahontas

Native American who helped Jamestown survive by fostering relations with Powhatan Confederacy; married John Rolfe.

Mayflower

Ship that brought the Pilgrims to New England in 1620.

John Davenport

Founded New Haven colony (1638), which later merged into Connecticut.

Corporate Colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies (e.g., Jamestown).

Navigation Acts (1650-1673)

Laws enforcing mercantilism by restricting colonial trade to England; led to smuggling and colonial resentment.

Indentured Servants

People who worked 4-7 years for passage to America; main labor source before slavery expanded.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished Puritan dissenter in Massachusetts; promoted antinomianism; helped found Rhode Island.

Dominion of New England

Royal consolidation of New England colonies under Sir Edmund Andros (1686-1689); resisted and collapsed after Glorious Revolution.

Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)

First representative assembly in the colonies; set precedent for self-government.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First written constitution in America; established representative government.

Joint-stock Company

Business organization pooling investor money; funded colonies like Jamestown.

New England Confederation (1643)

Early colonial military alliance of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven against Native threats.

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland; economy based on tobacco and plantation system.

James I

English king who chartered Jamestown; clashed with Puritans seeking reform.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island; supported religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Quakers

Pacifist religious group; promoted equality, opposed slavery, persecuted in England and New England.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in America; struggled with famine and disease; saved by tobacco cultivation.

New England

Region of Puritan colonies emphasizing religion, community, and town meetings.

Thomas Hooker

Puritan minister; founded Connecticut and helped write Fundamental Orders.

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

Native uprising led by Metacom (King Philip) against New England colonists; ended major Native resistance.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country through trade.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Virginia rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley; revealed tensions between frontier settlers and elites.

Triangular Trade

Trade system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas; included slaves, sugar, and rum.

Wampanoags

Native group led by Metacom in King Philip's War.

Sir Edmund Andros

Royal governor of the Dominion of New England; hated for authoritarian rule.

Pilgrims

Separatists who sailed on the Mayflower; founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Headright System

Virginia/Maryland system granting land to settlers who paid passage for indentured servants.

Sir William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia; suppressed Bacon's Rebellion; favored elite planters.

Royal Colonies

Colonies directly controlled by the crown (e.g., Virginia after 1624).

Act of Toleration (1649)

Maryland law granting religious freedom to all Christians; first colonial statute of its kind.

Providence

Rhode Island settlement founded by Roger Williams; known for religious freedom.

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a 'Holy Experiment' for religious toleration.

Captain John Smith

Leader at Jamestown; imposed discipline and trade with Natives, helping colony survive.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies granted to individuals by the king (e.g., Maryland, Pennsylvania).

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia; intended it as a debtor colony and buffer against Spanish Florida.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Agreement by Pilgrims to govern by majority rule; early example of self-government.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's vision for Pennsylvania: religious toleration, Quaker ideals, fair treatment of Natives.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Overthrow of James II in England; inspired colonists to resist Andros and the Dominion of New England.

Middle Passage

Brutal sea journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

John Rolfe

Jamestown leader; developed profitable tobacco crop; married Pocahontas.

Separatists

Radical Puritans who broke from the Church of England; founded Plymouth.

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay; called colony a 'city upon a hill.'

Puritans

Religious reformers wanting to 'purify' the Church of England; founded Massachusetts Bay.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

Allowed partial church membership for descendants of Puritans; reflected decline of religious zeal.

Metacom (King Philip)

Wampanoag chief; led King Philip's War against colonists; killed in 1676.