KINES 203 Lesson 2

atomic

molecular

cellular

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

body structure order

atom

the first level of body composition; ex: hydrogen and oxygen are atoms that are found throughout the human body

molecule

the 2nd level of body composition; results when atoms are combined; ex: water is made of 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen

cells

the 3rd level of body composition; smallest unit of a living organism; carry out metabolism to burn and create energy; contain ATP; ex: a myocyte is the main structural unit of the muscular system

tissue

the 4th level of body composition; a group of cells that perform a specific function; ex: cardiac muscle is made up of this

organ

the 5th level of body structure; two or more types of tissues that perform a specific function; ex: heart pumps blood to the body

organ system

the 6th level of body structure; made up of multiple organs; ex: cardiovascular system

organism

the final level of body composition; all organ systems of the body working together make up the whole body

cytology

the study of cells

cytoplasm

the liquid portion inside a cell; contains the organelles that help carry out cellular processes

proteins

enzymes and hormones

nucleus

the central control region of the cell

plasma membrane

covers the cell to protect it

chromosomes

46 in each cell; made of DNA organized in genes

genes

make enzymes needed for cellular processes

mitosis

the cell division where the cell divides and chromosomes are doubled and split equally between two new cells; almost all cells in the body replicate this way

meiosis

the cell division that takes place in the sex cell and this division makes half the chromosomes (23 from each parent)

XX

female sex baby

XY

male sex baby

histology

the study of tissues

epithelial tissue

lines organs (GI system, urinary system, respiratory system), vessels, cavities, and the surface of the skin (epidermis)

connective tissue

supports (ex: fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, and blood)

muscle tissue

contracts (ex: skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral)

nervous tissue

conducts (ex: brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

integumentary

cardiovascular

reproductive

lymphatic

nervous

respiratory

endocrine

digestive

skeletal

muscular

urinary

body systems

homeostasis

the medical term for all the body systems working together to maintain the body’s state of internal stability

skin

adipose

muscles

nerves

bones

organs

layers of human body

morpho

form

cyto

cell

nucleo, karyo

nucleus

histo

tissue

fibro

fiber

reticulo

network

adeno

gland

papillo

niple

myxo, muco

mucus

somato

body

blasto

immature cell, embryonic

gen

origin

phago

eat, ingest

phil

attract, absorb

plas

formation, molding

trop

affect, act on

tropho

feed, growth, nourishment

hydro

water

gluco

glucose

glyco, saccharo

sugar

amylo

starch

lipo

lipid, fat

adipo

fat

steato

fatty

proteo

protein

\-ase

enzyme

\-ose

sugar

anatomical position

a person standing upright, facing front, with arms at their sides with palms forward

anterior

front of the body

posterior

the back of the body

medial

near the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

close to the trunk; used for extremities

distal

away from the trunk; used for extremities

superior

towards the top

inferior

towards the bottom

cranial

towards the head; typically used for animals

caudal

towards the tail; used for animals

superficial

towards the outside of the body

deep

towards the inside of the body

frontal plane

divides the body into the front and rear parts

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left parts

transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

vertical/longitudinal axis

vertically oriented; passes through the body from top to bottom; perpendicular to the transverse plane

medial-lateral axis

horizontally oriented; passes through the body from side to side; perpendicular to the sagittal plane

anterior-posterior axis

horizontally oriented; passes through the body from front to back; perpendicular to the frontal plane

body cavity

an empty space made of bone that holds organs

dorsal cavities

cranial and vertebral cavities

ventral cavities

thoracic cavity (cardiovascular and respiratory organs), abdominal cavity (GI organs), and pelvic cavity (urinary/reproductive organs); diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

decubitus

latin verb meaning “to lie down;” body is horizontal and supported along its length by the surface underneath

dorsal recumbent

patient lies on their back with the lower extremities moderately flexed and rotated outward; common in obstetric and gynecological procedure

fowler

patient lays on their back with the top half slightly elevated

jackknife position

patient lays on stomach in a upside down v shape

supine

laying horizontally facing up

prone

laying horizontally face down

lateral recumbent position

CPR recovery position

lithotomy

patient on their back with the legs flexed 90 degrees at the hips; knees bent at 70-90 degrees

sims

the person lie on their left side, left hip and lower extremity striaght and the right hip and knee bent

tredelenburg

body is laid supine with feet elevated on a 15-30 degree incline above the head

sitting

sitting lol

knee chest

patient rest on their knees and chest with their head turned to one side with arms extended in front of them while their elbows are flexed and resting so that they partially bear the patient’s weight

cephalo

head

cervico

neck

thoraco

chest

abdomino, celio

abdomen

laparo

abdominal wall

lumbo

lower back

peritoneo

peritoneum

acro

extremity

brachio

arm

dactylo

finger, toe

pedo, podo

foot

circum, peri

around