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Why are some alkali metals often used to produce color in fireworks?
The change in E matches wavelengths of visible light, giving off color.
The weak bonding of alkali metals causes it to be ______ metals, have ____ densities, and _____ melting points.
soft, low, low
Oxide Ion
O2-
Peroxide Ion
O22-
Superoxide Ion
O2-
Hydrogen becomes liquid at what temperature?
20K
Why does hydrogen need such a low temperature to become liquid?
low London forces
What are alkaline earth metals generally reactive towards?
water and air
Alkaline earth metals have _______ densities, _______ mps, and ______ bps.
low, low, low
Alkaline earth metals are ________ substances that do not decompose upon heating.
insoluble
How are alkaline earth metals generally produced?
reduction or electrolysis
What is concrete made of?
CaO+sand+gravel+water
What is chalk or limestone made of?
calcium carbonate
At high temperatures, what does chalk or limestone decompose to form?
quicklime and carbon dioxide gas
What is the most abundant metal?
Aluminum
What is the most abundant nonmetal?
O2
Group 13 elements (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)
Icosagen
Dimers
the joining of two identical or similar monomers
Inert Pair Effect
s electrons are sometimes so unreactive that they become inert and are essentially considered core electrons (doesn’t react)
Common oxidation state of icosagens
+1 and +3
Group 14 elements (C, Si, Ge Pb, Sn)
Tetragens
Common oxidation states of tetragens
+2 and +4
Primary Intermolecular Force of He
LDF
Group 18 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
Noble Gases
Characteristics of Noble Gases
odorless, colorless, monatomic
What kind of atom do you need to form a bond with noble gases?
A highly EN atom
Which noble gas is most likely to form compounds?
Xe
Group 17 (F, Cl, Br, I, At)
Halogens
Which halogen is most reactive?
F
Which halogen is least reactive?
I
Halogens with oxygen form ________.
oxy acids
HOX Oxidation State
+1
HOX
Hypohalous acid
HOXO Oxidation State
+3
HOXO
Halous acid
HOXO2 Oxidation state
+5
HOXO2
Halic acid
HOXO3 Oxidation state
+7
HOXO3
Perhalic acid
Group 16 (O, S, Se, Te, Po)
Chalcogens
Group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)
Pnictogens
Phosphorus Common Oxidation state
+3 and +5
Arsenic
metalloid with various allotropes, used to strengthen alloys, semiconductor
What is arsenic used in?
pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides
What is antimony commonly used in?
solders, bullets, bearings, fire retardants
Class of compounds composed of B and H atoms
borane
What does the rate constant depend on?
reaction, temperature, catalyst
Reaction speed when r and k are small
slow
Reaction speed when r and k are large
fast
Collision Theory
A and B need to hit directly
A and B need to enter with a combined kinetic energy that is high enough to make a bond formation a viable result
3 Aspects of the Collision Theory
Collision frequency, activation energy, orientation
Collision Frequency
number of molecular collisions per unit time
Activation Energy
minimum energy above which the average kinetic energy molecules must bring to a collision in order to make a reaction happen
Orientation
molecules must enter a collision at the correct orientation in space in order for a reaction to occur.
___________ is increasingly importatn as the molecules increase in complexity
orientation
Element used in batteries, ammunitions, and pipies. It used to be in paint, gasoline, and pencils
Pb
Element found in concrete, chalk, limestone, and hard water
Ca
Element is usual for its family because it is unreactive to water and air and has a high ionization energy; it also forms dimers with Cl
Be
Element most abundant in the universe and it is used as fuel for space shuttles
H
Element is opaque to x-rays and it is also toxic and insoluble in the human body
Ba
Group of elements that are easily oxidized and readily forms oxides, peroxides, and superoxides.
Alkali Metals
Noble gas that emits light under a current
Ne
Element with +2 and +4 as common oxidation states and is used in solders and pewter.
Sn
Element used in fertilizers and mustard gas; it is responsible for the smell of skunks
S
Element used in inert atmosphere for reactions sensitive to water and oxygen, but it is also used in explosive reactions
N
Element used to dilute H2 and O2 to decrease flammability; it is also so light that it can escape the atmosphere
He
Element that is the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust, and it forms many prized gems such as rubies, sapphires, and topazes.
Al
Element that is chemically similar to Si and Sn and it is used industrially as a semiconductor
Ge
Noble gas abundant in the air and it is used in radioactive dating
Ar
Element abundant in the air and it forms a compound that protects us from UV rays. Transfers energy to N2 in the atmosphere in the form of kinetic energy.
O
Element used in glass, zeolites, oils, and high-temperature lubricants
Si
Element used as dopant in the semiconductor industry and it is used in glassware
B
Element found in ATP and ADP and it is also used as fertilizer
P
Noble gas that is a product of fission and it is used to measure the worldwide nuclear activity
Kr
Group of elements that can be found in Teflon, Freon, and PVC
Halogens
Element essential to life due to its ability to form strong bonds with itself and other atoms
C
Hydrogen forms what type of bonds with nonmetals?
covalent
Oxides of metals are ________ (basic/acidic) except for beryllium oxide, which is ____________.
basic; amphoteric
Amphoteric
able to react as both an acid and a base
The elements in Group 3A all act as active metals except _________.
Boron
What are some metallic properties of Aluminum?
conducts heat and electricity; lustrous appearance
What is responsible for the amphoteric nature of Al2O3 and the acidic nature of Al(H2O)6 3+?
Aluminum forms covalent bonds with nonmetals
What element has the largest liquid range of any metal and expands when it freezes?
Ga
Al2O3 and Ga2O3
Amphoteric Oxides
What ions are very important for the proper functioning of biologic systems, such as nerves and muscles?
alkali metals
For nonmetals, the lower the molar mass, the ______ the melting point.
lower
For metals, the lower the molar mass, the ________ the melting point
higher
Which alkaline earth metals react vigorously with water at 25C?
Ca, Sr, Ba
At what temperature does Mg react with water?
100C
Which element concentration is high in human blood plasma?
Na
Which element concentration is high in fluids inside the cell?
K
Hydrides
binary compounds containing hydrogen
What are the 3 classifications of hydrides?
ionic hydrides, covalent hydrides, and metallic hydrides
How are ionic hydrides formed?
When it reacts with the most active metals (Groups 1A and 2A)
How is oxygen and nitrogen converted to liquid?
Liquefaction
Alkaline metals that are more _________ react with water
active
Which two alkaline earth metals do not react with water?
Be and Mg
Hard water
Natural water than contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ interfere with the action of detergents and forms precipitates with soap
Ion exchange
process that removes Ca2+ and Mg2+ in individual homes; Na+ is released into the solution
Nitrogen fixation
transforms nitrogen to other nitrogen containing compounds