CHE 2C Midterm 2 Material

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111 Terms

1
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Why are some alkali metals often used to produce color in fireworks?

The change in E matches wavelengths of visible light, giving off color.

2
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The weak bonding of alkali metals causes it to be ______ metals, have ____ densities, and _____ melting points.

soft, low, low

3
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Oxide Ion

O2-

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Peroxide Ion

O22-

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Superoxide Ion

O2-

6
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Hydrogen becomes liquid at what temperature?

20K

7
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Why does hydrogen need such a low temperature to become liquid?

low London forces

8
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What are alkaline earth metals generally reactive towards?

water and air

9
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Alkaline earth metals have _______ densities, _______ mps, and ______ bps.

low, low, low

10
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Alkaline earth metals are ________ substances that do not decompose upon heating.

insoluble

11
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How are alkaline earth metals generally produced?

reduction or electrolysis

12
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What is concrete made of?

CaO+sand+gravel+water

13
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What is chalk or limestone made of?

calcium carbonate

14
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At high temperatures, what does chalk or limestone decompose to form?

quicklime and carbon dioxide gas

15
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What is the most abundant metal?

Aluminum

16
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What is the most abundant nonmetal?

O2

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Group 13 elements (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)

Icosagen

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Dimers

the joining of two identical or similar monomers

19
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Inert Pair Effect

s electrons are sometimes so unreactive that they become inert and are essentially considered core electrons (doesn’t react)

20
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Common oxidation state of icosagens

+1 and +3

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Group 14 elements (C, Si, Ge Pb, Sn)

Tetragens

22
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Common oxidation states of tetragens

+2 and +4

23
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Primary Intermolecular Force of He

LDF

24
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Group 18 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

Noble Gases

25
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Characteristics of Noble Gases

odorless, colorless, monatomic

26
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What kind of atom do you need to form a bond with noble gases?

A highly EN atom

27
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Which noble gas is most likely to form compounds?

Xe

28
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Group 17 (F, Cl, Br, I, At)

Halogens

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Which halogen is most reactive?

F

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Which halogen is least reactive?

I

31
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Halogens with oxygen form ________.

oxy acids

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HOX Oxidation State

+1

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HOX

Hypohalous acid

34
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HOXO Oxidation State

+3

35
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HOXO

Halous acid

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HOXO2 Oxidation state

+5

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HOXO2

Halic acid

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HOXO3 Oxidation state

+7

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HOXO3

Perhalic acid

40
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Group 16 (O, S, Se, Te, Po)

Chalcogens

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Group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)

Pnictogens

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Phosphorus Common Oxidation state

+3 and +5

43
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Arsenic

metalloid with various allotropes, used to strengthen alloys, semiconductor

44
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What is arsenic used in?

pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides

45
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What is antimony commonly used in?

solders, bullets, bearings, fire retardants

46
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Class of compounds composed of B and H atoms

borane

47
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What does the rate constant depend on?

reaction, temperature, catalyst

48
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Reaction speed when r and k are small

slow

49
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Reaction speed when r and k are large

fast

50
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Collision Theory

  1. A and B need to hit directly

  2. A and B need to enter with a combined kinetic energy that is high enough to make a bond formation a viable result

51
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3 Aspects of the Collision Theory

Collision frequency, activation energy, orientation

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Collision Frequency

number of molecular collisions per unit time

53
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Activation Energy

minimum energy above which the average kinetic energy molecules must bring to a collision in order to make a reaction happen

54
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Orientation

molecules must enter a collision at the correct orientation in space in order for a reaction to occur.

55
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___________ is increasingly importatn as the molecules increase in complexity

orientation

56
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Element used in batteries, ammunitions, and pipies. It used to be in paint, gasoline, and pencils

Pb

57
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Element found in concrete, chalk, limestone, and hard water

Ca

58
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Element is usual for its family because it is unreactive to water and air and has a high ionization energy; it also forms dimers with Cl

Be

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Element most abundant in the universe and it is used as fuel for space shuttles

H

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Element is opaque to x-rays and it is also toxic and insoluble in the human body

Ba

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Group of elements that are easily oxidized and readily forms oxides, peroxides, and superoxides.

Alkali Metals

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Noble gas that emits light under a current

Ne

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Element with +2 and +4 as common oxidation states and is used in solders and pewter.

Sn

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Element used in fertilizers and mustard gas; it is responsible for the smell of skunks

S

65
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Element used in inert atmosphere for reactions sensitive to water and oxygen, but it is also used in explosive reactions

N

66
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Element used to dilute H2 and O2 to decrease flammability; it is also so light that it can escape the atmosphere

He

67
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Element that is the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust, and it forms many prized gems such as rubies, sapphires, and topazes.

Al

68
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Element that is chemically similar to Si and Sn and it is used industrially as a semiconductor

Ge

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Noble gas abundant in the air and it is used in radioactive dating

Ar

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Element abundant in the air and it forms a compound that protects us from UV rays. Transfers energy to N2 in the atmosphere in the form of kinetic energy.

O

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Element used in glass, zeolites, oils, and high-temperature lubricants

Si

72
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Element used as dopant in the semiconductor industry and it is used in glassware

B

73
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Element found in ATP and ADP and it is also used as fertilizer

P

74
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Noble gas that is a product of fission and it is used to measure the worldwide nuclear activity

Kr

75
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Group of elements that can be found in Teflon, Freon, and PVC

Halogens

76
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Element essential to life due to its ability to form strong bonds with itself and other atoms

C

77
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Hydrogen forms what type of bonds with nonmetals?

covalent

78
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Oxides of metals are ________ (basic/acidic) except for beryllium oxide, which is ____________.

basic; amphoteric

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Amphoteric

able to react as both an acid and a base

80
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The elements in Group 3A all act as active metals except _________.

Boron

81
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What are some metallic properties of Aluminum?

conducts heat and electricity; lustrous appearance

82
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What is responsible for the amphoteric nature of Al2O3 and the acidic nature of Al(H2O)6 3+?

Aluminum forms covalent bonds with nonmetals

83
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What element has the largest liquid range of any metal and expands when it freezes?

Ga

84
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Al2O3 and Ga2O3

Amphoteric Oxides

85
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What ions are very important for the proper functioning of biologic systems, such as nerves and muscles?

alkali metals

86
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For nonmetals, the lower the molar mass, the ______ the melting point.

lower

87
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For metals, the lower the molar mass, the ________ the melting point

higher

88
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Which alkaline earth metals react vigorously with water at 25C?

Ca, Sr, Ba

89
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At what temperature does Mg react with water?

100C

90
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Which element concentration is high in human blood plasma?

Na

91
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Which element concentration is high in fluids inside the cell?

K

92
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Hydrides

binary compounds containing hydrogen

93
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What are the 3 classifications of hydrides?

ionic hydrides, covalent hydrides, and metallic hydrides

94
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How are ionic hydrides formed?

When it reacts with the most active metals (Groups 1A and 2A)

95
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How is oxygen and nitrogen converted to liquid?

Liquefaction

96
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Alkaline metals that are more _________ react with water

active

97
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Which two alkaline earth metals do not react with water?

Be and Mg

98
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Hard water

Natural water than contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ interfere with the action of detergents and forms precipitates with soap

99
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Ion exchange

process that removes Ca2+ and Mg2+ in individual homes; Na+ is released into the solution

100
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Nitrogen fixation

transforms nitrogen to other nitrogen containing compounds