Chapter 14 WHAP

Who did Muhammad come into conflict with in Mecca? What are the two causes of this conflict?

Who did Muhammad come into conflict with in Mecca? What are the two causes of this conflict?

Muhammad came into conflict with the ruling elites in Mecca. Two causes of the conflict were cultural, as most Arabs believed in more than one god while Muhammad only believed in Allah, and economic, as Muhammad called out wealthy merchants and denounced greed as immoral.

What is Medina? What is hijra?

In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers were facing persecution in Mecca, so they fled to a place called Medina. It is a city north of Mecca. Hijra is Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina that started the Islamic calendar.

What is the umma? What are three things Muhammad did for the umma?

The umma was the community of faithful. It was Muhammad's community of followers that fled to Medina with him. Three things Muhammad did for the umma were establishing a legal and social code, leading his followers in daily prayer, and leading the umma in battle. He was head of the economy of the umma as well.

What happened in 630 CE?

In 630 CE, Muhammad and the umma attacked Mecca. They conquered the city and forced elites to convert to Islam. They then established an Islamic government in Mecca. They destroyed the shrines of deities and other gods. They built mosques, or Islamic churches. They established the Islamic state, or Dar-al Islam

What happened to Muhammad and Islam by 632 CE?

In 632, Muhammad led the first pilgrimage to the Ka’ba, a shrine which he hadn’t destroyed, and home to a power deity. It established Mecca as the place of the hajj. The hajj is different from the hajira. The hajj was Muhammad’s pilgrimage to Mecca. This was also the year of campaigns and conquests. The effects of this were that most of the Arabian Peninsula was under the control of Islam. Muhammad’s followers allowed this growth of Islam. However, this is also the year when Muhammad died.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

The five pillars of Islam are obligations Muslims must follow. 1. Allah is the only god and Muhammad his only prophetl. 2. Muslims needed to pray daily to Allah while facing Mecca. 3. Muslims needed to fast during Ramadan from dawn till sunset. 4. Muslims with money to spare must provide financial aide to the weak and the poor. 5. Muslims who are able to must make the pilgrimage to the Ka’ba in Mecca.

What is jihad?

The word jihad means struggle. It is the unofficial 6th pillar of Islam. It tells Muslims to combat all vice and evil (spiritual struggle), spread Islam by seeking converts, and wage war against nonbelievers (physical struggle).

What is sharia and what did it offer guidance on?

The sharia is the Islamic holy law developed by Islamic jurors and legal scholars. They gave guidance on proper behavior regarding marriage, family, slavery, and business.

What is the similarity between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?

They are all monotheistic religions. Jews believe in Yaweh, Christians believe in God, and Muslims believe in Allah.

Islam Vocabulary =

Dar-al Islam=”The house abode of Islam”

State = Islam the official religion

Arab = Native peoples of the Arabian Peninsula: Bedouin peoples

Muslim: Followers of the religion of Islam.

After Muhammad’s death, what divided the umma?

There were disagreements on who was to succeed Muhammad. This caused a rift between the umma and lead to two teams.

Who is Abu Bakr?

He was Muhammad’s close friend and disciple. He succeeded Muhammad and was head of the Islamic state. He ruled as a cultural, religious leader, and was a political chief judge. He was also the military commander and called the caliph.

What is a caliph and what was the umma able to do under the leadership of the first caliph?

A caliph is a deputy who is not a prophet, but a lieutenant or substitute for Muhammad. They are the umma’s leader and head of the Islamic state. Under the first caliph, Muslims attacked towns and bedouin clans. They conquered clans and towns who dropped Islam and forced them to recognize Islam and the caliph in one year.

Imperial rule =

expansion and conquest

By the mid-eight century, what lands did the Islamic empire rule?

They ruled over South Asia, India, Central Asia, Steppes, Northwest Africa, Iberian Peninsula, Portugal, and Spain.

What problem of governance and administration did Islam face during the period of its rapid expansion? What did this problem result in?

During the period of its rapid expansion, the problem of governance and administration Islam faced was the selection of caliphs. This resulted in different factions, or political divisions, forming. The factions were the Shia vs the Sunni.

What is the Shia sect and what did they support?

The Shia sect was a political party and Islamic faction that supported the idea that caliphs should be related to Muhammad. They got their wish when one of Muhammad’s relatives became the fourth caliph.

What is the Sunni sect and what did they support?

The Sunni sect was a political party and Islamic faction that supported Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s friend. They believed that all of Muhammad’s successors did not have to be related to him.

What is the Umayyad dynasty and how did they note themselves politically?

It was the first official Islamic state that lasted from 661CE to 750CE. It’s capital was Damascus It was formed after the assassination of Ali. There were many prominent Sunni merchant clans in mecca. It was a politically centralized government that was also a bureaucracy and was in imperial rule.

What did the Umayyad favor?

They favored Arabs and military aristocracy positions, and governors. Military administrators conquered lands and were rewarded handsomely.

What was the Umayyad dynasty’s policy towards conquered people?

They allowed conquered people to have religious freedom, but only if they payed a special tax called the jizya, which they were unable to pay for because they didn’t have enough money. They had no positions of authority due to Arab military generals. They had no special mobility, or the ability to move up the social structure.

What are the causes of the fall of states.

Internal problems: SPICE weaknesses from within.

External problems: SPICE outside threats of invasion.

What are the causes of the fall of the Umayyad dynasty?

Internal problems include the resentment of conquered peoples due to the jizya and because they had no positions of authority, possible rebellions, and internal issues. Sunni led the government and the Shia felt left out, so they started resistences. Muslim Arab military generals were unhappy because Umayyad caliphs lived luxurious lives and had a casual attitude toward Islamic doctrine and morality. Abu al-Abbes also established rebellions against the Umayyad dynasty in Persia.

Chapter 14 geography =

Chapter 14 focuses on the Middle East, also known as southwest Asia. It’s main focus in on Saudi Arabia, where Islam began.

Where geographically did Islam rise?

Islam began to rise in southwest Asia in the Middle East, specifically the Arabian Peninsula, which is a desert inhabited by people. Homosapiens migrated to the midldle east.

Who are the Bedouin peoples and how did they organize themselves?

Bedouin peoples lived in the middle east and were nomadic people who lived in groups, or clans with interrelated families (clan group) that herded sheep and had opposing teams.

Why did the Arabian Peninsula become important economically?

The Arabian peninsula allowed for long distance trade. Goods arrived at the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean basin by overland travel. It linked China, India, West Persia and the Byzantine Empire.

Who is Muhammad and what was his early life like?

Muhammad is the founder of Islam. He was born in 570 CE to a wealthy merchant family in Mecca. He lost his parents at age six and was raised by his grandfather. At age 30, he became an established merchant.

Were most Arabs monotheistic or polytheistic peoples?

Most Arabs were polytheistic, so they believed in many gods. However, some were monotheistic as some were Christian converts. They were exposed to many different religions.

What happened to Muhammad in 610 CE?

Muhammad experienced visions of messages from Allah, which was delivered by the Archangel Gabriel.

What did Allah want Muhammad to do?

Allah wanted Muhammad to be his prophet and spread his message that he, Allah, is the one true god and there are no others. Allah will bring open judgement to non followers of Islam and reward those who choose to become Muslim.

What happened to Muhammad by 620 CE?

By 620 CE, Muhammad began to spread Allah’s message to family, friends, and citizens in Mecca.

What is the Quran?

The Quran is the Islamic holy book. It includes written text of Muhammad’s teachings and created in 620 CE. Alludes to the five pillars of Islam.

Who is Abu-al Abbes and how did he establish the Abbasid Dynasty?

Chief leader of the rebellion in Persia against the Umayyad dynasty. He was a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle and a Sunni Arab who teamed up with Shias and non Arab Muslims. He seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia while rejecting Umayyad authority during the 740s and shattered Umayyad forces in 750 in a huge battle. Afterward, he tricked the remaining members of the Umayyad clan to a banquet of reconciliation to capture and slaughtering them all.

What are two differences between the Umayyad Dynasty and the Abbasid Dynasty?

The Abbasid dynasty was more cosmopolitan. Rulers didn’t show special favor to the Arab military aristocracy. Arabs continued to play a large role in government, but Persians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and others also rose to positions of wealth and power. It was not a conquering dynasty.

What is the Battle of Talas River and why is it important?

It was the battle between the Abbasids and a Chinese army. It was important because it ended the Tang Dynasty’s expansion into central Asia and opened the door for the spread of Islam among Turkish people.

What was the Abbasid dynasty’s political administration like?

Abbasids largely contented themselves with administering the empire they inherited. They fashioned a government to administer a sprawling realm. They turned to long-standing Mesopotamian and Persian techniques of administration whereby rulers devised policies, built capital cities to oversee affairs, and organized their territories through regional governors and bueaucracies.

Who are the ulama and what role did they play in the Abbasid dynasty?

Learned officials, or people with religious knowledge. They set moral standards in local communities and resolved disputes. They were not priests, but had formal education on the study of the Quran and the sharia. They were pious scholars who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia. They were extremely influential officials who helped to ensure widespread observance of Islamic values.

Who are qadis and what role did they play in the Abbasid dynasty?

Judges that set moral standards in local communities and resolved disputes. They were not priests, but had formal education on the study of the Quran and the sharia. They heard cases at law and rendered decisions based on the Quran and sharia. They were extremely influential officials who helped to ensure widespread observance of Islamic values.

Who is Harun al-Rashid?

Harun al-Rashid reigned (76-809 CE) at the high point of the Abbasid dynasty. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites, and distributed money to the poor and the common classes by tossing coins in the streets of Baghdad.

What are the causes of the decline of the Abbasid Dynasty?

Internal problems such as civil war between Harun’s sons and disputes over succession rights. Provincial governors took advantage of the disorder in the ruling house by acting independently of the caliphs and build local bases of power and some seceded from the Abbasid empire. Popular uprisings and peasant rebellions. External problems. External: outside invasions

Who are the Saljuq Turks and why are they important?

Imperial authorities in Baghdad fell under the control of the Seljuq Turks, a nomadic people from central Asia who also invaded the Byzantine Empire. Authorities in Baghdad allied with them after the rebellions. It allowed them to enter the Abbasid realm and convert to Islam about the mid-tenth century. They effectively controlled the Abbasid empire by the mid-eleventh century. Until the arrival of the Mongols, the Seljuq sultan was the true source of power in the Abbasid empire.