Cedric Lee APUSH Chapter 20+21

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; 1/2 Southern forts to show support for the Union

In bad condition as there was less than 100 men and provisions that would only last for a few weeks (until April 1961)

If no supplies were coming -> commander had to surrender

Else ->

SC would fight as this was an important federal fort that was blocking the Atlantic Seaport

Lincoln tried to send provisions without reinforcements but failed and SC cannons fired the Fort with no lives taken

Union blockade

blocked all confederate ports, prevented supplies from getting to the Confederacy.

Richmond

Capital of the Confederacy--too near Washington for strategic comfort on either side

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

If North attacked first, all of them would have seceded from Union

Powerful (1/2 of Confederacy Population)

West Virginia

"mountain white" area that somewhat illegally tore itself from Virginia in mid-1861;

"Mountain whites"

the poor whites living in the Appalachian Mountains broke off to become West Virginia

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

located in Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma); mostly sided with Confederates. some Indians, notably the Cherokees, owned slaves

Advantages of South

had more experienced military officers and were fighting on their own land among their own people

General Robert E. Lee

first rate Confederate commander who felt honor bound to go with his native state (VA); was offered the command of the Northern armies

"Stonewall" Jackson

Lee's chief lieutenant for much of the war and he was a tactical theorist

Advantages of North

a. larger population

b. most of the factories to make supplies

c. most of the railroads located in the north

d. strong Navy

e. more money

f. they had an established government

Ulysses S. Grant

Lincoln found this union general after going through expensive trial and error process

He was determined to win at any cost even if he lost men

"King Cotton"

"Driving force" of Southern economy but was dethroned due to surplus in Britain

Egypt and India also had a share of this world market

"King Wheat" and "King Corn"

monarchs of Northern agriculture during war years since the north had ideal weather while Britain had a series of bad harvests. Had the cheapest and most abundant supply

Trent Affair

This was the first major crisis with Britain

Union warship north of Cuba stopped Trent (British steamer) and removed 2 confed. diplomats destined for EU.

British gov. demanded an apology and the prisoners be set free

Lincoln released those prisoners

The Alabama

Anglo American Crisis

Confederate "ship" that evaded the title warship under technicalities; escaped to the Portuguese Azores and captured over 60 vessels but sunk off the coast of France in 1864

Charles Francis Adams

American minister to Britain that convinced the British to stop the construction of ships for the Confederate Navy

Laird Rams

\-Final Anglo-American crisis of 1803; two confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Lair and sons in Great Britain

\-DEADLY with the iron rams and large guns

\-this > the Alabama

\-Eventually brought for the Royal Navy

Dominion of Canada

\-designed to bolster the canadians, both politically and spiritually, against the possible vengeance of the US

\-British Parliament created this

Napoleon III

Emperor of France who tried to take advantage of America's disorganized state by sending an attempt at expansion into Mexico City

Archduke Maximillian

Emperor of Mexico in 1863; was enthroned by Napoleon III

this enthroning was violation against the Monroe Doctrine

William Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln who threatened to destroy the French-Controlled Mexican puppet if France did not pull ou

States' rights

\-the Confederate government gave the states more power which proved detrimental to the war effort

\-Lincoln violated states' rights

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.

No personal popularity and serious talk of impeachment

\-defy rather than lead public opinion

\-the job was too much for him or any mortal

Lincoln's "Constitution violations"

Proclaimed a blockade, increased the size of the federal army, gave $2 million to 3 private citizens(military purposes), suspended the writ of habeas corpus, supervised voting in the border states, and the suspension of certain newspapers.

Able to do this bc congress was not in session when war erupted.

Writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Lincoln suspended it so that anti-unionists might be arrested.

Conscription law

The law enacted a draft of men into the army due to decline of volunteers. Unfair for the poor because rich men could hire substitutes or pay $300 to be exempted.

New York draft riots

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans in NY, in protest of the conscription/draft law. Rioters were particularly outraged by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes. Scores of lives lost, some were lynched blacks.

War volunteers

more than 90% of the Union troops were volunteers, since social and patriotic pressures to enlist were strong. When the volunteers slowed, authorities began to offer generous bounties for enlistment($1000). Many began to enlist, get money, desert, and then volunteer again to be paid again. The South had many less volunteers.

Excise taxes

Taxes placed on specific goods and services. Although low by later standards, they netted millions of dollars.

Income tax

A tax on people's earnings

War funding

(1) excise taxes were increased, (2) an income tax was created, and (3) the Morrill Tariff Act was made to raise revenue and provide protection for manufacturers who were struggling with the other new taxes. The Treasury also netted billions through the (4) sale of bonds.

Morrill Tariff Act

1861 act passed by Congress to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the cost of the war.

"Greenbacks"

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold, therefore making its value constantly change.

Inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Bonds

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest, the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate: The city issued bonds to raise money for the war.

National Banking System

The system created by congress in (1863) to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to establish a standard banknote currency.

"Rag money"

Term used to refer to worthless paper currency

"Runaway inflation"

A hyperinflation. Prices rising rapidly, every few hours. Overall, the war inflicted a 9000% inflation for the confederacy and 80% for the Union.

North's economic boom

Manufacturers & business people benefited greatly during the war due to new protective tariffs and higher-priced goods from inflation.

Newly invented labor-saving machinery caused economic boom.

Sewing machine for making uniforms/shoes, mechanical reapers for harvesting which allowed men to go to war.

"Fifty-Niners"

Name given to those who rushed to harvest the petroleum in PA in [1859]; caused the birth of a new industry; some of them moved west to avoid the federal draft.

Homestead Act of 1862

An act that provided free land to people (more specifically, this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30)

Women's wartime roles

When men departed for war, women often took their jobs:

government workers in Washington, D.C., 500 women clerks became government workers

industrial field had a demand for shoes and clothing

Women posed as male soldiers in battle, some took on dangerous spy missions.

doctor/nurse - ex: Elizabeth Blackwell- fundraiser organizer

some women (on both sides) organized fairs that raised $ for the relief of widows, orphans, and disabled soldiers.

Before war, 1/4 females in industry, rose to 1/3 during the war.

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

America's first female physician who helped organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army; the commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Clara Barton

Superintendent of nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War; founded the American Red Cross

Dorothea Dix

Superintendent of nurses for the Union army

Sally Tomkins

Est. an infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers in Richmond, VA and was awarded the rank of a captain by Confederate president Jefferson Davis, making her the first female military officer in American history.

First Battle of Bull Run

Confederates 1861

First battle of civil war

30 miles SW Washington; dispelled illusions of a short war (take Richmond and end war early)

Yankee recruits swaggered out of Washington toward bull run, at first they were good but Stonewall Jackson's warriors stayed as stone and reinforcements showed up.

Inflated dangerous overconfidence

"Yankees"

Term used by Southerners to describe the North

"Stonewall" Jackson (C)

Confederate general who won the First battle of Bull Run; killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville

General George McClellan (U)

Union General given command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861

Extremely cautious but superb organizer

Tried to take Richmond in 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign but was pushed back and demoted

Reinstated for Battle of Antietam and finally retired after failing to pursue Lee

Army of the Potomac

Union General McClellan led this army

Main army of the Union near Washington with 100k men

Peninsula Campaign

Confederate

Richmond sat on the James and York River

1862; Union advances towards Richmond under General McClellan (cautious)

Allows Confederate reinforcements to push him back to sea; 20k Confederate casualties, 10k Union casualties

"Jeb" Stuart (C)

He led Confederate cavalry on reconnaissance around McClellan's Army of the Potomac in 1862.

Fought at the Battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, and commanded the army at Chancellorsville

General Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

Won the Peninsula campaign (Seven Days' Battles)

Seven Days' Battles

Confederate

Series of confederate counter attacks that drove the Army of the Potomac (Union) back to the ocean; cost confederacy 20 k in men

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Components of Union's "total war"

1. naval blockade of Southern ports
2. liberate slaves and undermine economic foundation of old south
3. seize control Mississippi (cutting Confederacy in half)
4. chop Confederacy in pieces; send troops through Georgia and Carolinas
5. capture Richmond (capital of Confederacy)
6. engage enemy's main strength and grind it into submission

Union blockade

At first this "Anaconda Plan" was leaky and was part of Union's total war

Blocked principle Confederate ports from receiving supplies

Was respected by Britain and other nations and Britain wanted Lincoln to maintain the high blockading standards.

Nassau, Bahamas

This was a West Indies port (1/2 way) that became a leading rendezvous for blockade runners

"Ultimate destination"

idea that contraband goods were ultimately destined for the Confederacy

Merrimack/Virginia

This was an old wooden U.S. ship that was reconditioned as a Confederate ironclad ship and destroyed 2 Union wooden ships

Battled the Monitor in 1862 to a standstill

Destroyed months later to prevent it from the possession of advancing Union troops

Monitor

"Yankee cheesebox on a raft"

Union Ironclad that fought the Merrimack to a standstill

Second Battle of Bull Run

Confederate

(1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army under General Pope out of Virginia

General John Pope

Union general (boasted his Western victories) at 2nd Battle of Bull Run (defeated)

Replaced by McClellan

Battle at Antietam Creek

Draw

Lee thrust into Maryland after the Second Battle of Bull Run, hoping to get the border states into the Confederacy.

Lincoln restored McClellan as commander.

Union soldiers discovered a copy of Lee's battle plans, and McClellan succeeded in halting Lee at this battle.

It was militarily a draw, but it was very decisive. The British and French were planning to help the Confederacy, but the North's display of power in this battle stopped them. It also served as basis for Lincoln to finally launch the Emancipation Proclamation.

Border states

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia

Were safely in the Union by midsummer of 1862

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery

Foreshadowed by Emancipation Proclamation

"Butternut" region

area that included the Old northwest and the Border States that felt Lincoln had gone too far with the Emancipation Proclamation

\*\*\*\*Sentiment includes ex-president Pierce

Congressional Elections of 1862

These elections went heavily against the administration, especially in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio

Democrats gained strength overall

War Department

Responsible for the Union military

Refused to accept free Northern blacks who tried to volunteer

Right after EP, black enlistees were accepted

Black enlistments in North

180k blacks served in Union army after EP; mostly from slave states; accounted for 10% total enlistments

Includes two Massachusetts regime raised by Frederick Douglass

General A.E. Burnside

Replaced McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac after Antietam. He was unfit for this job and launched the rash Battle of Fredericksburg, a major Northern loss. He then yielded his command to Joe Hooker.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Virginia 1862, a huge loss for the North as General A.E. Burnside launched a rash attack. More than 10 thousand Northern soldiers were killed and it became known as the "burnside slaughter pen".

"Fighting Joe" Hooker

Burnside's replacement, an aggressive officer but headstrong and also unfit for the job. At Chancellorsville, Virginia, he was badly beaten, but not crushed, by Robert E. Lee's brilliant plan.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Led by General Joseph Hooker, it was another loss for the North. Lee decided to divided his forces and send "stonewall" Jackson to attack the union flank. Jackson would be mistakenly shot my his own men and die later. As for Hooker, he was badly beaten, but not crushed, by Robert E. Lee's brilliant plan.

Win for the south/confederates.

General George G. Meade

Union general who replaced Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, and led the battle.

Battle of Gettysburg

North/union won; Meade(union)

1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war. General George Meade led this battle as his 92 thousand Northern soldiers fought against Lee's 76 thousand Southern soldiers.(lasted for 3 days). Pickett's charge was considered the high tide of the confederacy/the last real chance for Confederate victory.

General George Pickett's Charge

Failed Confederate charge during the Battle of Gettysburg; "hightide of the Confederacy"; marked the northernmost point of Southern troops ever reached and was the last real chance of a Confederate victory.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a 2 minute speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights.

Some characterized it as silly/ludicrous.

General Ulysses S. Grant

His military experience and his bold, resourceful, tenacious personality enabled him to succeed.

His first success came in the northern Tennessee theater. After heavy fighting, he captured fort Henry and fort Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers in Feb 1862. When the confederate general asked for terms, he demanded "an unconditional/immediate surrender".

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

(Feb 1862) Located in Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers.

Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee as it opened the gateways to strategically important regions of Tennessee.

Battle at Shiloh

North won(grant's troops)

Grant desired to exploit the his victory in his capturing of fort Henry and Donelson by capturing the junction of the main Confederate north-south and east-west railroads in the Mississippi Valley at Corinth Mississippi.

Confederate forces surprised union troops just over the border of Tennessee from Corinth on April 6-7 1862. Confederates drove back Grant's forces across the Tennessee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war. Proved that there is no quick end to the war in the west.

Admiral David G. Farragut

Union flotilla commander who seized New Orleans in 1862 with a Northern Army;

Seizing of New Orleans

Northern troops and ships under Admiral Farragut seized it in spring of 1862; opened the "backdoor" to the Confederacy

Battle of Vicksburg

Union Won

Using the passage acquired from New Orleans(backdoor of confederacy), that area was between "Term", Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana, which was a vital western source of supplies for the confederacy. The fortress of "Term" protected it.

General Grant launched an attack and the siege of Vicksburg turned out to be his best-fought campaign. The city surrendered on July 1863 and much of its forces were depleted. 5 days later, it would be the fall of Port Hudson, the last southern defense for the Mississippi.

Result --> Union gained the Mississippi

Port Hudson

During the battle of Vicksburg, 5 days after the siege of Vicksburg city, this last Southern bastion on the Mississippi fell. As a result gave the union control of the Mississippi.

Chattanooga

Area where Union forces were driven back to in eastern Tennessee. Confederates laid siege to them but General Grant eventually liberated the city, opening up Georgia for an invasion. Grant was rewarded by being made General in chief.

Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain

1863; Grant won both of these desperate engagements in Chattanooga, Tennessee, as Chattanooga city was under siege by the confederacy.

General William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general known for his devastating March to the Sea. In 1864, heavily relied on by Lincoln. Captured Atlanta and basically destroyed the South. In Sherman's March he took 300-mile march to the sea from Atlanta, destroying everything in his path and freeing slaves. Also ravaged SC. The South was not pleased.

Sherman's March

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", purposely targeting buildings and civilian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Sherman's "bummers"

The discipline of Sherman's army sometimes broke down as they went overboard in their pillaging.

Salmon Chase

Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to remove Lincoln from office. One of the many who distrusted and doubted Lincoln's ability and commitment to abolition.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

Established by Congress in 1861, it was dominated by radical republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and pressed Lincoln on emancipation. Made to oversee military affairs.

"Radical" Republicans

Those who dominated the "Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War", and resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and pressed Lincoln on emancipation.

"War Democrats"

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Consisting of a large portion, they patriotically supported the Lincoln administration.

"Peace Democrats"

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Tens of thousands who did not support the Lincoln Administration.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South. They openly got in the way of the war through open attacks against the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation.

Commanded political strength in southern parts of Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois.

Clement L. Vallandigham

The most prominent Copperhead/congressman of Ohio who used is oratorical skills to stir up trouble and demand an end to the war. He was convicted for treasonable utterance and was sentenced to prison. Lincoln thought it was better idea for him to be exiled to the Confederacy.