Mcclain and Tauber Chapter 14: Political Science Terminology and Definitions

Moon

Talks about Aryan Nations which is a terrorist hate group in Idaho. Many Idaho politicians are openly courting them. Dorothy _____ spoke out against critical race theory, she associated with radical, violent, and bigotes militia leaders. She is also associated with members of the racist, antisemitic cospriattioJnal john Birch Society in which her husband is a leader. She ran for the Republican nomination for Idaho Secretary of State and she lost the election but became the chair of the Idaho Republican party there is a group called Take Bac Idaho- a conservative, Republican Pac that rejects hatred and extremism- issues a statement opposing Moon's election.

Political Parties

Mass organizations that seek to elect candidates to public office and ultimately influence public policy by linking voters with governing institutions.

state

Although parties are mainly influential at the national level, they also play a crucial role at the ____ level.

win elections policy

Political parties seek to _____ _____ and influence public _____therefore they need to develop strategies to attract the most voters as possible.

minority

Focus on relationship between political parties and _______-group politics.

Two party system

A government system in which only two political parties realistically compete for elected offices.

two

The US currently has a _______party system in which only the Republican and Democratic party realistically compete for elected offices.

changed

The republican party and Democratic party have ______ in terms of balance of power and ideology

Minority Parties

political parties in a two party system that are not one of the dominant two political parties. Political parties other than the Democrats and Republicans that still influence American politics.

race ethnicity

Political Party development has intersected with the politics of _____ and _____

opposed

Washington, like most of the framers, _____the formation of political parties and included in his administration people who held divergent political views

increase state

. Had Hamilton who wanted to ____federal government power and Jefferson who was committed to ______ rights working with him.

Democratic Republicans

The supporters of Jederrson became known as the _____ ______or Jeffersonians republicans: An early political party that Jefferson formed to oppose the nationalist policies of john adam and Hamilton

Federalist party

An early political party led by John Adams and Alexander Hamiltom that supported nationalizing the economy

Sedition Act

After Adams' narrow electoral college victory, Jefferson supporters continued to attack Adams in the press and the federalist who controlled congress passed the _____ ______: which criminalizes harsh criticism of Adams and his policies.

Jefferson

The election of 1800 featured a rematch between Adams (national) and Jefferson (State rights). The democratic republicans won handily in races throughout the nation and they party won a majority of electoral votes. Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes but the house gave it to ______

12th amendment

Because of this election and this problem they created the ____ _____: an amendment to the constitution that requires the president and the vice president to be elected on separate ballots.

This change allowed political parties to flourish because it ensured that a party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates could run as a team representing the party.

federalists

The election of 1800 also brought about the demise of the ______and in essence created a one party system. The democratic republicans dominate national, state and local governments. Despite the one party government, political, geographical, and social cleaves persisted. Northerners classed with southerns over the issue of slavery, class differences were widening and the coastal cities conflicted with the interior region over economic development

corrupt Bargain

By the election of 1824, these factions could not no longer coexist in the same political party and there were four candidates that ran for president as Democratic Republicans. Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes but did not win enough. Clay finished fourth but he used his power to give the presidency to John Adams who represented the northern elite and finished second to Jackson in the electoral college and popular votes. Adams then appointed Henry Clay to be secretary of state. _____ _____ and they organized at the local level throughout the nation to oppose the Adams administration and this became the Democratic party (Jackson used the common people): One of the two major political parties, established by Andrew Jackson in the 1820s to champion the interest of commoners.

Democratic party (Jackson used the common people)

One of the two major political parties, established by Andrew Jackson in the 1820s to champion the interest of commoners.

patronage

Jackson used his authority over federal appointments and federal contracts to reward democratic party activists who brought voters to the polls. He instilled the ______ system. Although it already existed, Jackson greatly expanded it to cover most of federal workers and he established local patronage organizations, known as machines, to bring in voters at the local level. As long as party activists produced votes, ______ machines would provide them with jobs regardless of their ethnic background. However there is considerable debate over the extent to which patronage actually helped immigrants and ethnic minorities.

Whigs

Opposition to Jackson emerged and Henry clay created a unified diverse group on Jakson opponents into the _____: a political party founded in the 1930s to opposed the [politics and policies of president andrew jackson. All _____ party members shared an antipathy toward andrew jackson and Henry harrison had won the presidency

two-party

The whigs and the Democrats competed for national, state, and local positions throughout the 1840s, thus reestablishing a ______system. However, both parties suffered from internal factional strife, primarily over the issue of slavery in expanding territories.

whig

During the 1850s, internal disagreements over slavery permanently destroyed the _____ party.

Republican party:

_____ ______ one of the two major political parties, founded in the 1850s by former whigs who opposed slavery and insisted that the union remained united and promoedindustriulization. The democratic party was so divided and allowed lincoln to win the election

republicans

Following the civil war, the two parties did compete but the ______tended to be more successful. From the end of the civil war until 1896, the ________controlled the presidency; only one democrat- grover cleveland- served as president during that period.
During this period, the parties generally split control of the house but _______controlled the senate for all but three terms

Democrat

______ support only came from the south and from some parts of northern urban areas, although most urban areas voted republican. _______ dominated in the south

Realignment

periods when voter allegiances toward the political parties shift for an extended period of time, resulting in one party emerging as dominant. 1896 is commonly regarded as the beginning of the realignment in favor of the republican party.

The republican party fractured into two wings

Black and tan Republicans which supported federal enforcement of civil rights for african americans, whereas lily white Republicans opposed civil rights for African Americans.

Black and tan Republicans

which supported federal enforcement of civil rights for african americans

lily white Republicans opposed civil rights for African Americans.

opposed civil rights for African Americans.

FDR

The republican party's domination of american politics ended with the 1932 election, which initiated a realignment in favor of the Democrats.______ and his new deal gave him a landslide victory that made Democrats the majority party for the first time since the civil war.

NEw deal coalition

Democrat control persisted throughout the 1930s and 1940s because Roosevelt assembled a _____ _____ ____: consisting of traditional democratic supporters in the south and in northern cities as well as farmers, the middle class, and even african americans. All of these groups allied with the democrats because they viewed the new deal as the best solution to their economic problems.

civil rights

Despite the dominance of the democratic party during this time period, there were conflicts within the party, especially over the issue of ___ _____. Traditionally, the democratic party had opposed civil rights legislation whereas republicans had been divided over the issue. However, after Roosevelt brought more African Americans into the democratic party, many party leaders advocated federal enforcement of civil rights laws. This controversy erupted in the democratic national convention in 1948 when truman insisted that the democrats supported civil rights. Thurgood walked out of the convention and formed the state right party but Truman won reelection.

opposed

In 1964 LBJ was all for civil rights legislation and Goldwater was ______ to it.

dealignment:

With the election of 1968, conflicts within the democratic party resulted in a loss of its dominance. This election began a period of _______ :A period in which voters abandon their ties to political parties, resulting in a balance of power between Republicans and Democrats. There has been mostly a balance of party control since then.

dealignment

The democrats fractured during the late 20th century because of continued policy disputed among party members. Foreign policy disagreements in particular contributed to the loss of the party's dominance. In 1968, the democrats were extremely divided over the vietnam war, which president johnson hadperpetuated and during the 1980s many people who had generally voted democratic supported republican presidential candidate Ronald Regan because of his hardline stance against communism. Social issues such as abortion, LGBTQ rights and prayer in school also splintered the democratic party. Socially conservative working class voters who had been voting for Democrats because of economic reasons, began supporting the republican party because of its conservative positions on social issues. Many traditional republican voters who voted because of economic issues, switched to the Democratic party because of the Republicans conservative stance on social issues.

Race

______has been a major cause of changes in party balances. Democratic party fully embraced civil rights and won support of most african americans. Nixon and the southern strategy.

democrats

Since the 1968, the south has tilted republican with whites largely supporting the Republicans and blacks overwhelmingly supporting the_______. Republicans still have big control in the south

minor parties

Although American political party development has been characterized by two major parties, there have been important _____ ______ or third parties throughout American history. ____ _____ have usually focused on specific issues. For example, the prohibition party seeks to ban alcohol although it also opposeds abortion, same sex marriage, and gambling. The united states marijuana party sup[ports the decriminalization of currently illegal drugs as well as other issues such as rights for indigenous tribes.

minority

Other ________ parties represent socioeconomic groups that have been ignored. Populist party promoted the interest of small farmers, laborers, and miners arguing that democrats ignored their concerns.

ideologically

Some minor parties are______- based. The progressive party was concerned with political and electoral reform, including women's suffrage. It also advocated for minimum wage, labor rights and preserving the wilderness. In 1912 former republican president roosebelt ran as the progressive party candidate. The green party supports a progressive agenda of civil rights, ending carbon fuel, single payer universal healthcare and labor rights.

libertarian

The ______ party adopts the principles of classical liberalism which seeks to limit government intervention in the economy and people's personal lives

prejudice

Some minor parties have emphasized race and ethnicity. During the late 19th century, the Equal rights party sought civil rights for blacks and women's suffrage. It nominated a female presidential candidate and Fredrick Douglass as the vice presidential candidate. Unfortunately most minor parties dealing with race and ethnicity have adopted maintaining _______, not advancing civil rights. The state's Rights party and the american independent party both supported segregation and decried federal involvement in enforcing civil rights laws, and they won some electoral college votes in the south in the 1948 and 1968 elections

the party conventions, the national committees, state and local organizations

To organize voters, win elections, and influence public policy, political parties require complex organizations to articulate a coherent set of policy goals and run campaigns. Much of the work of political parties is conducted by party activists who operate away from public view. There are different components of political party organization: ____ ____ ____, _____ _____ ______ and the _____ ______ _______-. IIn each relationship between minority-group politics and party organization.

national party conventions

The _____ _____ _____are held every four years (during the summer of electron years). At these conventions delegates nominate their presidential and vice presidential candidates, offer a statement of the party principals and beliefs and make rules to govern the party. Each state sends a number of delegates proportional to the size of its population. Delegates are party activist usually attaches to a specific candidate for the presidential nomination.

city,

Normally these national conventions take place in a specific ______ where delegates gather to listen to speeches and participate in other events to promote the party and its candidates. The evening events are on tv and viewers at home would see the audience often raucous reactions to the speeches. In 2000 because of covid there were not large audiences present.

caucus

The method for selecting delegates to the national convention has been extremely controversial Early in our nation’s history, party members nominate presidential and vice presidential candidates but in 1832 the democrats moved to _____convention system in which party members met in local meetings called caucus ________: a method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings. By moving the nomination decision from elite government leaders to local party activists, the caucus convention system increased commoners’ political access. However local party leaders used power that they amassed through patronage to direct the outcomes of the caucuses and thus influence presidential and vice presidential nominations.

primaries

To limit the control of local party leaders, many state switched from caucus to _____: a method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election. The democratic party generally awards delegates proportionally to the outcome in each state, whereas the republican party often gives all or most delegates to the winner of the state primary. NATIONAL

Superdegelates:

In the 1980s, Democrats also established the use of _______ Delegates to the democratic national convention who are not selected by primaries or caucuses but instead are established party leaders

Republicans

Although ______ do not have a superdelegate, party elites are still influential in the nomination process and the conventions.

pledged delegates

Superdelegates would not participate in the first ballot. Only the _____ ______ earned during primaries and caucuses are able to vote.

diverse

Delegates in the democratic national convention are far more ________than republican delegates.

Party Platform

National Conventions produced ______ _______: a statement a political party produces at its national convention that summarizes the basic policy principles of the party. Initially a committee drafts a platform, which convention delegates must approve. Because platforms define the party for a particular election, they are important. However they are non binding, when convenient candidates oppose some parts of their own party’s platform.

National Committee

Because national conventions meet only once every four years, the regular work of running a national party falls to the _______ ________- The Republican National committee or the Democrats National Committee. _____ _______: the organization responsible for making rules and regulations for a party when the conventions are not in session, raising money for the party, and directing the party’s electoral strategy. Thet determine the national parties’ policy goals, devise electoral strategies, make rules and regulations to govern the party and raise money for the party and its candidates.

state

The two parties structure their committees quite differently from one another. Because the republican party values ______sovereignty, the RNC contains three representatives from each state. At least one of those 3 reps needs to be a woman.

population

The democratic party is less concerned with state sovereignty and favors diversity. State representation on the DNC is proportional to the_______and the DNC contains at large positions designed to increase the representation of minorities and women.

fundraising

In the 1980s and the 1990s, the RNC and the DNC increased their power through their control over _____. The federal election campaign act limited the amount of donations of hard money: The heavily regulated money that is directly raised by political candidates. However the law had not limited the amount of contributions of soft money, unregulated campaign donations supporting the infrastructure of the party but forbidden to be used directly on campaigns

hard money

The heavily regulated money that is directly raised by political candidates.

soft money

unregulated campaign donations supporting the infrastructure of the party but forbidden to be used directly on campaigns

soft

By the 1990s both national committees were using _____money to fund ads that did not explicitly suggest voting for a particular candidate but greatly influenced how people vote. They made a rule saying they had to use hard money for this.

National committee chair:

Because both national committees meet only several times per year, they leave the primary operations of the party to the _______ ______ ______ the head of each party’s national committee, who is most responsible for directing the party’s electoral strategies. For the party that controls the presidency, the president recommends a committee chair, whom the national committee automatically approves. The national committee selects the chair on its own for the party that does not control the presidency. The national committee chair and staff of the permanent advisers work behind the scenes to develop the party’s political positions, devise electoral strategies, raise money, and coordinate national party goals with those of state and local parties. When a party controls the presidency, its national chair avoids upstaging the presidency by assuming a reduced public role

influence

National committee chairs often ______ the election outcomes. After the democratic defeat in the 2004 election the DNC chair instituted the "Fifty state Strategy" in which dems would compete in all parts of the country instead of concentrating on large urban area and the coastal regions of the US where democrats traditionally do well.

progress.

Racial and ethnic minorities have historically not been represented in national party leadership, but there has been significant ______ Rob brown, who was the first non white chair of the democratic national committee. Two minorities have chaired the RNC.

lower

There is slightly more minority representation at ________ levels of national party leadership.The DNC reserves positions for racial and ethnic minorities and the DNC makes an explicit effort on its website to reach out to blacks, latinos, asian americans and american indians, as well as seniors, lqbtq communities and people with disabilities. The RNC currently has no minorities in leadership but its website does explicitly reach out to women, latinos, blacks, and asian americans

State local

_____-and ______ party organizations are important in american politics. The bottom level of local party organizations consist of the elected committee members for the smallest political district in the state, usually called a ward or a precinct. All interested party members living in the ward select committee members at caucus meetings or through primaries. Each ward committee selects a chair person.

district

The bottom level of local party organizations consist of the elected committee members for the smallest political _____ in the state, usually called a ward or a precinct. All interested party members living in the ward select committee members at caucus meetings or through primaries. Each ward committee selects a chair person.

local

At the next level there are ______- committee, which cover the geographic region of an urban area, county, or congressional district. Depending on the state, ______committee members are chosen at county party conventions or by candidates for office. _______party organizations coordinate election volunteers, contact local residents, campaign door to door, and place campaign signs throughout the area. Local party committees run candidates in local elections, although many cities and county elected positions are non partisan.

State central committees

The state party central committee is the highest level of state party organization. ____ ______ _______perform a variety of important functions: organizing state conventions, writing state party platforms, raising money and overseeing how it is spent, selecting the state party's presidential electors, representing the state in national committees, recruiting candidates and providing candidates with funds, public opinion polling and mass media services. Although the state party established the rules and regulations for the local parties, the local parties selected the members to the state committee. Local parties are able to influence state party policies.

eroded

State and local party organization used to be extremely powerful but the power _______during the 20th century. State and local party leaders historically used their positions to control patronage and as a result amassed great wealth and power.

tweed

One of the most renowned local party leaders was boss _____new york. Reforms have limit their influence. Because precinct bossed dominate their local area by knowing how many votes each party work brought, state moved to a secret ballot, which prevented party leaders from knowing who voted for which candidate. Many cities moved to nonpartisan elections which further limited the power of many state and local party leaders

limited

National policies have also ____ the power of state and local parties. The US Supreme court overturned patronage practices in state and local governments. Specifically, it ruled that hiring government employees based on partisan affiliation punished applicants from nonfavored political parties, a violation of the First Amendment right to freedom of association. With the ability to promise employment in exchange for party service, state and ;local parties cannot always attract volunteer to work for the party. Despite their decreased influence state political parties still exert significant authority within their respective states.

White primary rules:

The politics of race and ethnicity is relevant in state and local parties. State historically perpetrated discrimination by adopting ________ a practice by souther state democratic parties in the late 19th and early 20th centuries intended to disenfranchise blacks by preventing them from voting in crucial democratic party primary elections.

organization

Southern democratic party organizations claimed that as private groups they were free to prohibit blacks from voting in primary elections. By prohibiting blacks from voting in primaries, the state effectively disenfranchised all black voters. The US supreme court said you are not a private but a government ________so you can not do this.

state party chairs

Racial minorities have also been better represented in state and local party organizations. Although a seemingly obscure position, ______ ______ ______ are powerful figures in state and even national politics. Although most state party chairs have been white, some minorities have led state parties.

winning

Ultimately political parties are concerned with ______elections. Therefore understanding how parties function in the electoral process adds a more complete view of American politics. How these parties function in the minds of the voters and how voters connect with the major political parties and how groups, especially racial and ethnic minorities, attach to those parties.

party ID

Voter's psychological attachment to the political process can be measured by ______ _____ which is ascertained by public opinion surveys. It is usually done on a 7 point scale strong democrat, weak democrat, independent leaning democrat, independent, and so on
Because ______ _______measures a voter's psychological attachment to the party, it can be different from a voters registered party membership.

party id

The voters views of the parties candidates and stances on the issue would influence _____ ________is certainly the case but political scientist have also show that people established their _____ _____because of their upbringing, race and ethnicity, religion, and social class._______ _______explains how people view the candidates which in turns affect how they vote. Independents end to split their voters between the two parties or vote for minor party candidates.

social background geography.

Because party ID is so closely tied to _____ ______, it also tied to _______

Party ID in geography

The south used to be solidify democratic but it now leans republican
The northeast used to be solidly republican but now is much more democratic. Although region is still important, group attachment to political parties is more complex and includes religious affiliation, income, gender, and race and ethnicity.

Age and Party ID

There is some relationship between partisanship and age. Young voters have identified more as democratic and independent vs republican, largely because of their rejection of republican conservative stance on social issues such as same sex marriage.
The silent generation identify equally as dems and reps. Baby boomers and Gen x ahad roughly the same amount, but the plurality of gen x is independent. Millennials are 31 to 23 in favor of dems the only group with a significant gap but a lot of them identify as independents.
Both political parties try to court the younger voters. Both the DNC and RNC devotes q specific section to young voters and students

incomes

Only people with _________ under 30,000 are more likely to identity as democrats and the people mostly in between are roughly equally distributed between conservatives and democrats

religious

Party Identification also correlates to _______groups. Protestants have traditionally identified with republicans and catholics tended to be democrats. However because prostanism is so wide the connection between party and protestantism is less clear. Adehrenrs to fundamentalist or evangelical sects are more republican than adherents to mainstream or liberal sects. Jewish people overwhelmingly identify as democratic whereas catholics are split evenly between the two parties.

gender and party ID

Soon after women earned the right to vote, there was no relationship between party and gender, but the feminist revolution of the 1960s spawned a gender gap in which women identify and vote for candidates of the democratic party more than men do.
Since the 1970s the democratic party has reserved leadership spots for women and adopted positions favoring equal rights. Women have gravitated toward the democrat. Men are more likely than women to identify as independent. The gender gap in party id helps explain different voting patterns between men and women.

racial

Patterns exist for party attachment and________minority status. Because the republican party began as an abolitionist party, the few african american who could vote in 1856 naturally gravitated toward the republicans. During reconstruction, the republicans leaders in congress insisted on federal protections for the civil rights of african americans. Southern blacks were active in republican party organizations and all african american politicians were republicans.

liberal

FDR caused many african americans to support the democratic party. His wife became outspoken to civil rights also endeared african americans to the democratic party.
As blacks moved north they found a far more welcoming democratic party than the segregationist democratic party they had known in the south LBJ strong civil rights record brough most african americans to the democratic party, whereas republican opposition to the goals of black civil rights drove many blacks away. Blacks overwhelming identify as ______

for granted.

Many people argue that democrats take blacks______ _______ The party actively seeks black support during elections but when the election is over Democrats abandon blacks by failing to elevate them to leadership positions and ignoring policy issues central to many blacks. Much of this criticism come from black republicans who want to draw blacks to the republican party.

uniformed

Latino parisian identification is not ________ since it is composed of so many different ethnicities. Cubans conservative for the most part

democrats.

American indians tend to favor the party for pro indian policies. However since the 1980s American indians had shifted to _____

Democratic

_______ party leadership had more racial and ethnic minorities in power.