Social Studies Final Study Guide

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Absolutism/Absolute Monarchy

Absolutism is when the monarch/ruler has full control over every aspect of the nation.

Baron de Montesquieu

Made enlightenment idea of the division of social powers.

Constitutional Monarch

Monarch who is under power of the constitution meaning they cannot exercise full control over the people.

Divine Right of Kings

Kings justified that their power comes from God and they are a representative of God on Earth.

Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth the first of England was a patronage of the arts and she restored Protestantism.

English Bill of Rights

Was established in parliament in 1689 passed in England and brought the separation of powers, and limits the powers.

English Civil War

Royalists (SUPPORTERS OF KING CHARLES I) vs. the Parliamentarians (Oliver Cromwell's side).

Enlightenment

Period of time where many philosophers made new ideas and they were more focused on secular ideas.

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of the Catholic King James II and was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch Husband William of Orange.

Henry IV of France

He issued the Edict of Nantes granting Protestants (Huguenots) freedom in France.

Huguenot Protestants

French Protestants.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Humans are naturally good, were corrupted by society.

John Locke

Humans have natural rights, Life, Liberty, Property.

Joseph II of Austria

Leader of the Hapsburg Empire.

Legislature/ Legislative Branch

Makes laws and drafts them.

Louis XIV of France

Brutal leader who made the Palace of Versailles and did not like the poor.

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, Property.

Nobility

Quality of being noble.

Oliver Cromwell of England

Led the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War.

Parliament

Body of government that can make laws and decisions. Has a lot of power like the King.

Philip II of Spain

Strong defender of the Catholic Church and made the famous Spanish Armada.

Thomas Hobbes

Social contract and how the people need a government to stay in check.

Scientific Revolution

Series of events that marked the flourishment of scientific ideas (1543).

Agricultural Revolution

It's the time when farming improved, for example new tools.

American Revolution

It was a war between colonies to become independent from Britain.

Battle of Waterloo

It's the battle when Napoleon got defeated and lost their power.

Canals

It's a big trench that Egypt made and Britain took it over.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

It's a document that says all French men are equal.

Feudal Privileges

Special rights for nobles.

First Estate

The group had the least population made up of kings and kings family and church.

French Revolution

It's when France fought to take kings off.

Guillotine

A machine to cut people's heads.

Haitian Revolution

It's when Haiti's slaves were enslaved from France.

Industrial Revolution

It's when machines helped humans and changed how they do stuff.

Labor Strike

People stopped working to get a better paycheck.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A strong French leader.

Napoleonic Code

Laws that Napoleon gave to people he conquered.

Nationalism

Strong pride and loyalty to your country.

Railroads

Truck that trains go over it carry good stuff.

Reign of Terror

A time where people were killed for being an enemy.

Second Estate

The group in France made up of nobles.

Storming of the Bastille

When mad people attacked the prison.

Textile

Cloth that was made in a factory.

Third Estate

The group in France made up of farmers, random people.

Voting Rights

The laws and rules about who can vote.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

New ideas, inventions.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

A big chance to find a job.

Cotton Gin

A machine that quickly cleaned cotton.

Urbanization

When people move to cities to work.

Working Conditions

They were terrible conditions where people lost part of their bodies.

James Watt

A person who made/improved the steam engine.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where Europeans divided Africa.

British Raj

When British had India as a colony.

Imperialism

A strong country colonizing a weaker country.

Leopold of Belgium

A king that literally treated Congo worse than Congo.

Missionary

Someone who travels to a foreign country to help other countries.

White Man's Burden

a duty formerly asserted by white people to go to Africa and help black people.

Divine Right of Monarchs

The theory of the divine right of kings claims that Kings got their power directly from God and that they represented God and therefore were always right.

Monarchy

A monarchy is when the ruler is automatically chosen by being the 'heir' and being born as the next leader.

Republic

In a republic, the ruler is chosen or voted in.

Constitutional Monarchy

A constitutional monarchy limits the power of a monarch to the constitution which means they couldn't do whatever they wanted.

Revolutionary Ideas

Enlightenment ideas inspired political revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries by convincing others that they could fight for what they believed.

Age of Napoleon

Napoleon preserved the ideals of the French Revolution by giving people more rights and even supported freedom of religion. However, he betrayed the ideals by restricting freedom of speech and becoming a permanent emperor.

Technological Advancements

Inventions like the steam engine changed manufacturing by providing a powerful source of energy.

Spread of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution spread from Britain to other parts of Europe and the world because they had a desire for success and had people from around the world willing to work.

Reform in the Industrial World

One reform that was introduced in response to industrial working conditions is the factory act.

Congress of Vienna

The main goal of the Congress of Vienna was to redistribute territories to the places Napoleon defeated and to place strong nations next to France to prevent a massive empire in Europe.

Motives for Imperialism

One economic motive for 19th-century imperialism was that the European countries wanted more money so they colonized and exploited many parts of Africa.