10. Host response to viral infection

Lecture 10 - host immune response

innate

The host immune response is broken into

* _________ immunity
* adaptive immunity
* passive immunity

adaptive

The host immune response is broken into

* innate immunity
* ___________ immunity
* passive immunity

passive

The host immune response is broken into

* innate immunity
* adaptive immunity
* __________ immunity

innate

_________ immune defenses exhibit neither antigen specificity nor memory.

antigen specificity, memory

Innate immune defenses exhibit neither __________ _________ nor ____________

innate

__________ immunity provides a critical first line of defense against infection because they are

* constantly present
* operational immediately after viral infection
* the only immune defense available for the first few days after viral infection

constantly

Innate immunity provides a critical first line of defense against infection because they are

* ____________ present
* operational immediately after viral infection
* the only immune defense available for the first few days after viral infection

immediately

Innate immunity provides a critical first line of defense against infection because they are

* constantly present
* operational ____________ after viral infection
* the only immune defense available for the first few days after viral infection

only

Innate immunity provides a critical first line of defense against infection because they are

* constantly present
* operational immediately after viral infection
* the _______ immune defense available for the first few days after viral infection

days

Innate immunity provides a critical first line of defense against infection because they are

* constantly present
* operational immediately after viral infection
* the only immune defense available for the first few ______ after viral infection

innate

________ immunity is composed of

* primary physical and chemical defenses
* cellular components
* humoral components

cellular

Innate immunity is composed of

* primary physical and chemical defenses
* ________ components
* humoral components

humoral

Innate immunity is composed of

* primary physical and chemical defenses
* cellular components
* _________ components

skin

The _____ provides defense against viral entry.

* mechanical barrier - dense outer layer of keratin
* low pH
* presence of fatty acids
* dryness

mechanical

The skin provides defense against viral entry.

* _____________ barrier - dense outer layer of keratin
* low pH
* presence of fatty acids
* dryness

keratin

The skin provides defense against viral entry.

* mechanical barrier - dense outer layer of ________
* low pH
* presence of fatty acids
* dryness

low

The skin provides defense against viral entry.

* mechanical barrier - dense outer layer of keratin
* ____ pH
* presence of fatty acids
* dryness

fatty acids

The skin provides defense against viral entry.

* mechanical barrier - dense outer layer of keratin
* low pH
* presence of _______ ______
* dryness

dryness

The skin provides defense against viral entry.

* mechanical barrier - dense outer layer of keratin
* low pH
* presence of fatty acids
* _________

mucus membranes

The __________ _________ provide defense against viral entry.

* virucidal proteins

virucidal proteins

The mucus membranes provide defense against viral entry.

* __________ __________

gastrointestinal tract

The _____________ ________ provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

mucus membranes

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* __________ ___________ of oral cavity and esophagus


* refractory to viruses


* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

acidity

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* ______ of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

alkalinity

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* _________ of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

mucus layer

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* ______ ______ lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

lipolytic

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* _________ activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

bile

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the ______
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

proteolytic

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* __________ activity of pancreatic enzymes
* defensins with antiviral activity

pancreatic enzymes

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of __________ _________
* defensins with antiviral activity

defensins

The Gastrointestinal tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucus membranes of oral cavity and esophagus
* refractory to viruses
* acidity of stomach
* alkalinity of intestine
* mucus layer lining the gut
* lipolytic activity of the bile
* proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes
* _________ with antiviral activity

respiratory tract

The __________ _________ provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucociliary blanket
* temperature gradient
* cool upper respiratory tract
* warm lower respiratory tract

mucociliary blanket

The respiratory tract provides defense against viral entry.

* ____________ ___________
* temperature gradient
* cool upper respiratory tract
* warm lower respiratory tract

temperature

The respiratory tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucociliary blanket
* ______________ gradient
* cool upper respiratory tract
* warm lower respiratory tract

cool, warm

The respiratory tract provides defense against viral entry.

* Mucociliary blanket
* temperature gradient
* (COOL/WARM) upper respiratory tract
* (COOL/WARM) lower respiratory tract

upper

Rhinoviruses replicate well at 33°, making them more likely to infect the (UPPER/LOWER) respiratory tract.

lower

Influenza virus replicates well at 37°, making them more likely to infect the (UPPER/LOWER) respiratory tract.

natural killer

________ _________ cells are large lymphocytes defined by their cytoplasmic granules - perforin and granzymes.

lymphocytes

Natural killer cells are large _____________ defined by their cytoplasmic granules - perforin and granzymes.

cytoplasmic granules

Natural killer cells are large lymphocytes defined by their __________ _________ - perforin and granzymes.

perforin, granzymes

Natural killer cells are large lymphocytes defined by their cytoplasmic granules - _________ and ____________.

apoptosis

NK cells mediate the death of virus cells by inducing _________

II

NK cells synthesize and release a variety of cytokines including type (I/II) IFNs and several interleukins that stimulate the proliferation and cytolytic activity of NK cells.

interleukins

NK cells synthesize and release a variety of cytokines including type II IFNs and several _______________ that stimulate the proliferation and cytolytic activity of NK cells.

proliferation

NK cells synthesize and release a variety of cytokines including type II IFNs and several interleukins that stimulate the ____________ and cytolytic activity of NK cells.

cytolytic activity

NK cells synthesize and release a variety of cytokines including type II IFNs and several interleukins that stimulate the proliferation and ________ ________ of NK cells.

NK

NK cells synthesize and release a variety of cytokines including type II IFNs and several interleukins that stimulate the proliferation and cytolytic activity of ___ cells.

PRRs

TLRs are a class of

TLRs

Activation of macrophage ______ enables

* phagocytosis
* chemotaxis
* release of inflammatory mediators
* release of interferons

phagocytosis

Activation of macrophage TLRs enables

* ______________
* chemotaxis
* release of inflammatory mediators
* release of interferons

chemotaxis

Activation of macrophage TLRs enables

* phagocytosis
* ____________
* release of inflammatory mediators
* release of interferons

inflammatory mediators

Activation of macrophage TLRs enables

* phagocytosis
* chemotaxis
* release of __________ __________
* release of interferons

interferons

Activation of macrophage TLRs enables

* phagocytosis
* chemotaxis
* release of inflammatory mediators
* release of ________________

are not

Interferons (ARE/ARE NOT) antigen specific.

interferons

A group of cytokines secreted by somatic cells in response to viral infections and other stimuli. Possess potent antiviral, immunomodulating, and anti-cancer properties.

interferons

__________ are glycoproteins. Oral administration deactivates them.

glycoproteins

Interferons are _______________. Oral administration deactivates them.

oral

Interferons are glycoproteins. _______ administration deactivates them.

deactivation

Interferons are glycoproteins. Oral administration ___________ them.

parenterally

Interferons should be administered (ENTERALLY/PARENTERALLY)

3

There are ___ major classes of interferons

alpha, beta

The most important type-I interferons are

IFN-_____ and IFN-_____

leukocyte

IFN-alpha is the (LEUKOCYTE/FIBROBLAST) interferon.

fibroblast

IFN-beta is the (LEUKOCYTE/FIBROBLAST) interferon.

alpha

IFN-_______ is the leukocyte interferon.

beta

IFN-_______ is the fibroblast interferon.

dendritic cells

IFN-alpha is produced in large quantities by plasmacytoid ________ _______

alpha

IFN-_______ is produced in large quantities by plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

beta

IFN-_____ is produced in large quantities by virus-infected fibroblasts

virus-infected fibroblasts

IFN-beta is produced in large quantities by ___________ ____________

I

Type-(I/II) interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

virus replication

Type-I interferons

* inhibit _________ _________ in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

NK

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate _____ cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

MHC-I

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of _______ molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

monocytes

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of _________ into DCs
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

DCs

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into ____
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

DCs

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate maturation of ____
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

maturation

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate __________ of DCs
* stimulate memory T-cell proliferation

memory

Type-I interferons

* inhibit virus replication in host cells
* activate NK cells to kill infected cells
* increase expression of MHC-I molecules and Ag presentation
* stimulate differentiation of monocytes into DCs
* facilitate maturation of DCs
* stimulate ________ T-cell proliferation

I

Type-(I/II/III) IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

replication

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus __________ in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

RNAse L

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called _________ _____ that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

Mx proteins

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of _____ _________ that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

bind, trap

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that _______ and ________ viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

nucleocapsids

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral __________ and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

assembly

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus _________
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

protein kinase R

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of _______ _______ ____ (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA translation

translation

Type-I IFNs inhibit virus replication in host cells by

* Activating a latent ribonuclease called RNAse L that degrades viral RNA
* Inducing synthesis of Mx proteins that bind and trap viral nucleocapsids and inhibit virus assembly
* Inducing synthesis of Protein Kinase R (PKR) which prevents initiation of viral RNA ___________

II

Type-(I/II/III) IFNs are produced by Ag-stimulated T cells and NK cells.

II

IFN-gamma is a type-(I/II/III) IFN.

III

IFN-lambda is a type-(I/II/III) IFN.

I

IFN-alpha is a type-(I/II/III) IFN.

viral infections

Type-III IFNs

* are expresed in response to _______ _________ and activation of TLRs
* function as immunoregulators

TLRs

Type-III IFNs

* are expresed in response to viral infections and activation of _______
* function as immunoregulators

immunoregulators

Type-III IFNs

* are expresed in response to viral infections and activation of TLRs
* function as _______________

immunoregulation

Both type-II and type-III IFNs play a role in ________________.

false

(TRUE/FALSE): IFNs are Ag specific.

innate

IFNs are part of (INNATE/ADAPTIVE) immunity

adaptive

__________ immunity

* Consists of humoral and cellular components
* Is Ag specific - responses take time to develop. Mediated by lymphocytes with surface receptors specific to a particular pathogen.
* Stimulates long-term memory