Anatomy and Physiology

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132 Terms

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Integumentary system

Consists of the skin, hair, and nails, its primary role is to protect the body from injury and disease

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Skin

considered the largest organ in/on the body

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Epidermis

the outer dermis, does not contain any blood supply or accessory structures

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Dermis

made up of blood vessels along with lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings

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Papillary

Thin upper layer of the dermis

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Reticular

lower, thick layer, holds the hair follicles, sudoriferous glands, and sebaceous glands

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Subcutaneous tissue

not a layer of the skin, lies below the dermis and creates a connection between the skin an the structure below skin

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Sudoriferous glans

secret sweat through tiny pores in the surface of the skin

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sebaceous glands

found everywhere on the body except soles and palms, secret sebum into hair follicles and skin to lubricate and remove bacterial waste

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Sebum

oil, acidic substance that keeps skin soft and water proof, does not allow bacteria and fungi grow

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hair

main function is to assist in temperature regulation by holding heat near the body (hair follicles, hair shaft)

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Membrane

a thin flexible layer of tissue

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Connective tissue membrane

cover organs such as kidneys, diarthrosis or synovial joints (knee and hip joint)

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Synovial membrane

connective tissue membranes lining synovial joints, secrete synovial fluid that lubricate the joints

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Epithelial membrane

made up of epithelial and connective tissue

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Mucous membrane

consists of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue, line the bodies cavities that open to the outside

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What are examples of locations of mucus membranes

  • respiratory system

  • urinary system

  • digestive system

  • reproductive system

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Serous membrane

covers organs and lines cavitied that don’t open to the outside , epithelium secretes thin layer of serous fluid lubricating and preventing friction between two organs

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Acne Vulgaris

Common inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles (white heads, blackheads, cystic acne)

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Alopecia

complete or partial loss of hear from head or other parts of the body

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Burns

injury to the skin caused by heat or radiation

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Types of burns

  • First degree: epidermis, red, painful, dry, no blisters

  • Second degree: epidermis and part of dermis, severely painful, red, blisters, swollen, scars may form

  • Third degree: epidermis. dermis, and subcutaneous tissue minimally painful white or blackened and charred

  • Fourth degree: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue into muscle and bone, no feeling, leathery, dry

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Carcinomas of the skin

cancer of the skin

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Common types of skin cancer

  • Basal cell: waxy, pearly bumps

  • Squamous cell: firm red nodule, or flat with scaly crusty lesions

  • Melanoma: large brown spot with darker pigments

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Cellulitis

common bacterial infection of the skin that can affect the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes the muscle

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Atopic Dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

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Contact dermatitis

inflammation of the skin after direct contact with a substance

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Seborrheic Dermatitis

common skin disease that causes a rash, affects sebaceous glands by altering amount and quality of sebum

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Dermatophytosis (ringworm)

common superficial fungal infection of the skin and nails

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Impetigo

common, highly contagious bacterial infection

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Kaposi sarcoma

cancer that causes abnormal tissue to grow in skin, mucus membrane lining the GI tract, lymph nodes, lungs, and other organs

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Pediculosis

caused by lice

  • captious (head)

  • corporis (body)

  • pubis (pubic)

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Scabies

caused by parasitic ich mites

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Pilonidal cyst

abnormal pocket of skin containing skin, hair debris, usually located near tailbone

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Psoriasis

common, chronic disease that causes itchy or sore patches of red skin with thick, silvery scales, many types and any progress to psoriatic arthritis

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Rosacea

Chronic condition affecting skin and sometimes eyes, causing redness and pimples

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cell

smallest unit of life, responsible for storing genetic information and carrying out microscopic processes such as metabolism and protein synthesis

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tissues

a group of cells with the same structure and function, differ based on their operation and location in the body

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Types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue (cardiac, smooth. skeletal)

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Organs

more than one tissue arranges together into a differentiated structure, they are specialized and each are responsible for a specific, vital function

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Organ system

An arrangement of organs working together to achieve a unified bodily objective (respiration, blood circulation, or digestion)

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Dorsal

located at the posterior and includes the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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ventral

much larger then the dorsal and is located anteriorly, includes the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic

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Anatomical position

standing, facing forward, with their feet pointed forward, arms at their side with the palms facing forward

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Anterior or ventral

the front side

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Posterior or dorsal

the back side

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Distal

farther away from the attachment point; the elbow is distal to the shoulder

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Proximal

closer to an attachment point; the wrist is proximal to the fingers

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Superior or cranial

above; the neck is superior to the chest

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Inferior or caudal

below; the knee is inferior to the hip

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Medial

closer to the bodies midlineL

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Lateral

father away from the bodies midline

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Superficial

closer to the surface

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Deep

farther from the surface

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abduction

movement away from the bodies midline

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Adduction

movement toward the bodies midline

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Flexion

Movement that decreases the standard angle between two structures

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Extension

Movement that increases the standard angle between two structures

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Elevation

Moving a body part closer to the head

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Depression

moving the body part closer to the feet

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Medial rotation

turning a body part toward the center of the body

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Lateral rotation

turning the body part away from the center of the body

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Dorsiflexion

flexion at the ankle

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Plantarflexion

extension at the ankle only

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Inversion

turning the sole of the foot inward

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Eversion

turning the sole of the food outward

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pronation

rotation of the forearm where the palm faces down posteriorly

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Supination

rotation of the forearm where the palm faces up, anteriorly P

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Prone

Patient is lying on their stomach

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Supine

Patient is laying on their back

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Frontal or coronal

faces forward and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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Sagittal or lateral

runs perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right portions

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Transverse or horizontal

runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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Four Quadrants of the body

left upper quadrant, right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

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Nine regions of the abdomen

Left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac

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Compact or Cortical bone

calcium dense solid shell that makes up the shaft of long bones S

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Spongy or cancellous bone

Lighter, hollow mesh network filled with red marrow where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produces and store minerals. It is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of other bones.

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Epiphysis

end of long boneswhich is covered by articular cartilage.

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Long bones

bones longer than they are wide (humerus or femur)

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Short bones

bones are as wide as they are long (carpals or tarsals)

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Flat bones

bone thin and used for muscle attachment (sternum and scapula)

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Sesamoid bones

bones found inside of muscle tissue (patella)

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Irregular bones

bones that do not have a regular shape, providing support and protection (vertebrae and pelvic bones)and serve various functions.

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Axial skeleton

provide posture and protect precious internal organs (includes skull, spine, shoulders, and hips)

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Appendicular skeleton

the appendages, arms and legsand their girdles, playing a crucial role in movement and locomotion.

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ligaments

tissue that connects bones to other bones

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Cartilage

a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as joints, ear, and nose

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Tendons

tissue that connects muscle to bone and facilitates movement.

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Cardiac muscle

a type of involuntary and striated muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

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smooth muscle

involuntary and non- striated muscle found in organs, helping to control movements such as digestion and blood flow.

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Skeletal muscle

striated and is the only voluntary type of muscle that enables conscious movement of the body.

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Fascia

connective layer of tissue that surrounds all muscles and organs

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Sprains

streched or torn ligaments

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Strains

stretched or torn tendons or muscles

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Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for processing and sending information to the rest of the body It coordinates sensory information and motor control.

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Corpus Callosum

nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemisphere of the brain

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Brainstem

controls basic life functions (includes midbrain and hindbrain)

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Diencephalon

part of the forebrain responsible for maintaining body temp (hypothalamus), sleep/wake cycle (reticular formation), memory storage (hippocampus), and emotional response (limbic system)

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Cerebellum

helps coordinate movement, balance and precision

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Cerebrum

where voluntary movements are initiated and where specialized thinking occurs depending on specific lobe