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Integumentary system
Consists of the skin, hair, and nails, its primary role is to protect the body from injury and disease
Skin
considered the largest organ in/on the body
Epidermis
the outer dermis, does not contain any blood supply or accessory structures
Dermis
made up of blood vessels along with lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings
Papillary
Thin upper layer of the dermis
Reticular
lower, thick layer, holds the hair follicles, sudoriferous glands, and sebaceous glands
Subcutaneous tissue
not a layer of the skin, lies below the dermis and creates a connection between the skin an the structure below skin
Sudoriferous glans
secret sweat through tiny pores in the surface of the skin
sebaceous glands
found everywhere on the body except soles and palms, secret sebum into hair follicles and skin to lubricate and remove bacterial waste
Sebum
oil, acidic substance that keeps skin soft and water proof, does not allow bacteria and fungi grow
hair
main function is to assist in temperature regulation by holding heat near the body (hair follicles, hair shaft)
Membrane
a thin flexible layer of tissue
Connective tissue membrane
cover organs such as kidneys, diarthrosis or synovial joints (knee and hip joint)
Synovial membrane
connective tissue membranes lining synovial joints, secrete synovial fluid that lubricate the joints
Epithelial membrane
made up of epithelial and connective tissue
Mucous membrane
consists of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue, line the bodies cavities that open to the outside
What are examples of locations of mucus membranes
respiratory system
urinary system
digestive system
reproductive system
Serous membrane
covers organs and lines cavitied that don’t open to the outside , epithelium secretes thin layer of serous fluid lubricating and preventing friction between two organs
Acne Vulgaris
Common inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles (white heads, blackheads, cystic acne)
Alopecia
complete or partial loss of hear from head or other parts of the body
Burns
injury to the skin caused by heat or radiation
Types of burns
First degree: epidermis, red, painful, dry, no blisters
Second degree: epidermis and part of dermis, severely painful, red, blisters, swollen, scars may form
Third degree: epidermis. dermis, and subcutaneous tissue minimally painful white or blackened and charred
Fourth degree: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue into muscle and bone, no feeling, leathery, dry
Carcinomas of the skin
cancer of the skin
Common types of skin cancer
Basal cell: waxy, pearly bumps
Squamous cell: firm red nodule, or flat with scaly crusty lesions
Melanoma: large brown spot with darker pigments
Cellulitis
common bacterial infection of the skin that can affect the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes the muscle
Atopic Dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
Contact dermatitis
inflammation of the skin after direct contact with a substance
Seborrheic Dermatitis
common skin disease that causes a rash, affects sebaceous glands by altering amount and quality of sebum
Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
common superficial fungal infection of the skin and nails
Impetigo
common, highly contagious bacterial infection
Kaposi sarcoma
cancer that causes abnormal tissue to grow in skin, mucus membrane lining the GI tract, lymph nodes, lungs, and other organs
Pediculosis
caused by lice
captious (head)
corporis (body)
pubis (pubic)
Scabies
caused by parasitic ich mites
Pilonidal cyst
abnormal pocket of skin containing skin, hair debris, usually located near tailbone
Psoriasis
common, chronic disease that causes itchy or sore patches of red skin with thick, silvery scales, many types and any progress to psoriatic arthritis
Rosacea
Chronic condition affecting skin and sometimes eyes, causing redness and pimples
cell
smallest unit of life, responsible for storing genetic information and carrying out microscopic processes such as metabolism and protein synthesis
tissues
a group of cells with the same structure and function, differ based on their operation and location in the body
Types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue (cardiac, smooth. skeletal)
Organs
more than one tissue arranges together into a differentiated structure, they are specialized and each are responsible for a specific, vital function
Organ system
An arrangement of organs working together to achieve a unified bodily objective (respiration, blood circulation, or digestion)
Dorsal
located at the posterior and includes the cranial cavity and spinal cavity
ventral
much larger then the dorsal and is located anteriorly, includes the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
Anatomical position
standing, facing forward, with their feet pointed forward, arms at their side with the palms facing forward
Anterior or ventral
the front side
Posterior or dorsal
the back side
Distal
farther away from the attachment point; the elbow is distal to the shoulder
Proximal
closer to an attachment point; the wrist is proximal to the fingers
Superior or cranial
above; the neck is superior to the chest
Inferior or caudal
below; the knee is inferior to the hip
Medial
closer to the bodies midlineL
Lateral
father away from the bodies midline
Superficial
closer to the surface
Deep
farther from the surface
abduction
movement away from the bodies midline
Adduction
movement toward the bodies midline
Flexion
Movement that decreases the standard angle between two structures
Extension
Movement that increases the standard angle between two structures
Elevation
Moving a body part closer to the head
Depression
moving the body part closer to the feet
Medial rotation
turning a body part toward the center of the body
Lateral rotation
turning the body part away from the center of the body
Dorsiflexion
flexion at the ankle
Plantarflexion
extension at the ankle only
Inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
turning the sole of the food outward
pronation
rotation of the forearm where the palm faces down posteriorly
Supination
rotation of the forearm where the palm faces up, anteriorly P
Prone
Patient is lying on their stomach
Supine
Patient is laying on their back
Frontal or coronal
faces forward and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal or lateral
runs perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right portions
Transverse or horizontal
runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Four Quadrants of the body
left upper quadrant, right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
Nine regions of the abdomen
Left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac
Compact or Cortical bone
calcium dense solid shell that makes up the shaft of long bones S
Spongy or cancellous bone
Lighter, hollow mesh network filled with red marrow where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produces and store minerals. It is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of other bones.
Epiphysis
end of long boneswhich is covered by articular cartilage.
Long bones
bones longer than they are wide (humerus or femur)
Short bones
bones are as wide as they are long (carpals or tarsals)
Flat bones
bone thin and used for muscle attachment (sternum and scapula)
Sesamoid bones
bones found inside of muscle tissue (patella)
Irregular bones
bones that do not have a regular shape, providing support and protection (vertebrae and pelvic bones)and serve various functions.
Axial skeleton
provide posture and protect precious internal organs (includes skull, spine, shoulders, and hips)
Appendicular skeleton
the appendages, arms and legsand their girdles, playing a crucial role in movement and locomotion.
ligaments
tissue that connects bones to other bones
Cartilage
a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as joints, ear, and nose
Tendons
tissue that connects muscle to bone and facilitates movement.
Cardiac muscle
a type of involuntary and striated muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
smooth muscle
involuntary and non- striated muscle found in organs, helping to control movements such as digestion and blood flow.
Skeletal muscle
striated and is the only voluntary type of muscle that enables conscious movement of the body.
Fascia
connective layer of tissue that surrounds all muscles and organs
Sprains
streched or torn ligaments
Strains
stretched or torn tendons or muscles
Central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for processing and sending information to the rest of the body It coordinates sensory information and motor control.
Corpus Callosum
nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemisphere of the brain
Brainstem
controls basic life functions (includes midbrain and hindbrain)
Diencephalon
part of the forebrain responsible for maintaining body temp (hypothalamus), sleep/wake cycle (reticular formation), memory storage (hippocampus), and emotional response (limbic system)
Cerebellum
helps coordinate movement, balance and precision
Cerebrum
where voluntary movements are initiated and where specialized thinking occurs depending on specific lobe