BIO EXAM

Enzyme

Enzyme

a protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Active site of an enzyme

Where the substance fits in and breaks down

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Cell

Basic unit of life

System

A group of parts that work together as a whole

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Nucleic Acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

Ions (Cation - Anion)

cation: +loose electron anion: - gain electron

Proton, Neutron, Electron

3 subatomic particles

Hydrogen Bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

Covalent Bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Ionic Bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

-ose / -ase (name)

Ase is for enzymes and ose is for sugars

-Saccharides (mono, di, Poly)

Mono means 1; di means 2; poly means many.

Ratio (CHxO)2

no idea

Saturated

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens.

Unsaturated

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute in a concentration.

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins

Polypeptides

polymers of amino acids

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Activation Energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Acid - H Donor

Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases

Base - OH

pH greater than 7

Neutral

Not favoring either side

Buffer

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Inorganic

Not formed from living things or the remains of living things

Organic

of, relating to, or derived from living matter.

Reactants

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Polar

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

Nonpolar

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Surface Tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Activation Site

Specific place where a substrate binds on enzyme.

Virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Prokaryotic

No nucleus

Eukaryotic

Has a nucleus

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Smooth ER

Makes lipids, no ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nuclear Membrane

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Channels vs Gates

Gates only reach halfway across from one energy center to another (vs. a "channel" which connects two energy centers).

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Pumps

Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Integral Protein

a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.

Peripheral Protein

A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

Endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Chemical Reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Carbon Dioxide

A gas that is expelled from the body by the respiratory system.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Photosystems

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

NADPH

An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.

NADP

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Oxygen

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

Light

energy

Water

universal solvent