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Chapter 13 - The Reform Impulse

Dorothea Dix

  • Reformed prisons + almshouses + asylums

  • 1843 - Presented findings of bad conditions in asylums to Massachusetts legislature

  • Improved conditions for mentally ill

  • During the Civil War she was in charge of female nurses

Seneca Falls Convention

  • Led by Lucretia Mott + Elizabeth Cady Stanton

  • 1848 - Meeting in New York

  • “The Declaration of Sentiments” declared grievances for women’s suffrage

  • Worked with Susan B. Anthony

Lyman Beecher

  • 1832 - President of Lane Theological Seminary

  • Believed that American citizens require education + Christian teachings

  • Wrote sermons + pamphlets

  • Formed societies dedicated to social reform

Common School Movement

  • 1837 - Begins in Massachusetts

  • Goal of educating + converting people to Christianity

  • Immigrant populations were assimilated into American culture

  • Preservation of American civilization

Horace Mann

  • 1837 - Served on the Massachusetts State Board of Education

  • Increased funding for schools & teacher salaries + revised curriculums

  • Founded the 1st teacher-training school

McGuffey Readers

  • First published in 1836

  • Textbooks for children focused on improving reading + literary taste + morals

  • Emphasized white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant values

Oberlin College

  • Founded by missionaries in 1833

  • Believed that educating teachers would led to better citizens to further develop the American frontier

  • Women + minorities could enroll

Second Great Awakening

  • 1830-1850

  • Believed that reforming society would improve the lives of Americans

  • Departed from Calvinist + Reformed doctrines

  • Variety in churches + forms of worship

Charles G. Finney

  • 1835 - Served as a professor at Oberlin College

  • Departed from Calvinist doctrines

  • During camp meetings he practiced fervent preaching and softened hearts

  • Used New Light methods

  • Criticized by conservative Old Light leaders

Circuit-Riding Preachers

  • Missionary preachers rode on horseback to a different church each week

  • Very popular

  • Less adherence to orthodoxy (sound doctrine)

Maine Law

  • 1851 - Secured by Neal S. Dow

  • Prohibited the manufacture + sale of alcohol

  • The beginning of the Prohibition movement

Temperance Movement

  • 1826

  • Believed that the consumption of alcohol would lead to problems

  • Organizations included the Women’s Christian Temperance Union + Anti-Saloon League

  • Stated that the Constitution outlawed the production + sale of alcohol

    • Did this violate citizens’ freedom?

Lyceum Movement

  • Belief that self-improvement would lead to widespread societal reform

  • Lyceums were popular public lecture halls for education + debates

    • Frequented by transcendentalists + scientists

  • Prevalence of optimism

Hudson River School

  • Paintings of vast landscapes + wilderness

  • Spread the idea that there were many possibilities of American life

Phrenology

  • 1819 - Franz Joseph Gall publishes research

  • Science explained human behavior + personality

  • The study of different regions in human brain

  • Findings were demonstrated in lyceums

Brook Farm

  • Utopian community

  • 1841-1847 - Tried creating perfect society

  • Unitarian + Transcendentalist

  • Focused on the beliefs of quality + universal education

  • Because of the difficulty of farm life and bank management, it eventually went bankrupt

New Harmony

  • Founded by Robert Owen

  • A spiritual sanctuary that later became a haven for international scientists, scholars, and educators who sought equality in communal living

  • Only lasted a few years

Shakers

  • 1774 - Founded by Mother Ann Lee

  • 1840 - Reached peak membership

  • Ideas of work + worship + simple life

  • Spread to New England + beyond

  • Because they were celibate, it was hard to propagate the faith

Oneida Community

  • 1848 - Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in New York

  • Shared all property

  • “Complex marriage”

  • Eventually became a silverware company

Ralph Waldo Emerson

  • Ideas of transcendentalism combined those of idealism + eastern mysticism

  • 1841 - Publishes 1st essays

  • Abolitionist

Henry David Thoreau

  • Wrote Walden, which talked about higher laws to guide humans

  • Opposed to Mexican War + slavery

  • The idea of “civil disobedience” was of passive resistance

Joseph Smith

  • 1830 - Wrote Book of Mormon

  • Founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement

  • Leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

  • Murdered in jail

Brigham Young

  • 1847 - Served as the head of Mormons

  • Deseret was a colony in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake

    • 1850 - This settlement was eventually recognized as the Utah Territory

Mormonism

  • 1826 - Founded by Joseph Smith

  • Sent missionaries to Europe

  • Opened path for transcontinental railroad

  • Irrigated soil

  • Because of their polygamy + militaristic practices, they were eventually persecuted

BIG PICTURE

  • Age of Jackson - Humanitarian reforms + political advancement

  • Reforms - Prohibition, mentally ill, women, slavery

  • Religion + education - Common school movement + university

  • Religious reforms - Transcendentalism, Unitarianism, Lyceum

  • Utopia - Mormonism

  • Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

    • High protective tariff

    • National bank

    • Assumption of state debts + Continental Congress debts

    • DID NOT TAX EXPORTS

  • Election of 1796

    • John Adams + Thomas Pinckney vs. Thomas Jefferson + Aaron Burr

    • President (1st place) + VP (2nd place)

    • President + VP were from different political parties

    • 12th Amendment - President + VP run on same ticket

  • Chisholm v. Georgia

    • 1793

    • Citizen of South Carolina sued Georgia

    • 11th Amendment - State are sovereign + cannot be sued by citizens of other states


Chapter 13 - The Reform Impulse

Dorothea Dix

  • Reformed prisons + almshouses + asylums

  • 1843 - Presented findings of bad conditions in asylums to Massachusetts legislature

  • Improved conditions for mentally ill

  • During the Civil War she was in charge of female nurses

Seneca Falls Convention

  • Led by Lucretia Mott + Elizabeth Cady Stanton

  • 1848 - Meeting in New York

  • “The Declaration of Sentiments” declared grievances for women’s suffrage

  • Worked with Susan B. Anthony

Lyman Beecher

  • 1832 - President of Lane Theological Seminary

  • Believed that American citizens require education + Christian teachings

  • Wrote sermons + pamphlets

  • Formed societies dedicated to social reform

Common School Movement

  • 1837 - Begins in Massachusetts

  • Goal of educating + converting people to Christianity

  • Immigrant populations were assimilated into American culture

  • Preservation of American civilization

Horace Mann

  • 1837 - Served on the Massachusetts State Board of Education

  • Increased funding for schools & teacher salaries + revised curriculums

  • Founded the 1st teacher-training school

McGuffey Readers

  • First published in 1836

  • Textbooks for children focused on improving reading + literary taste + morals

  • Emphasized white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant values

Oberlin College

  • Founded by missionaries in 1833

  • Believed that educating teachers would led to better citizens to further develop the American frontier

  • Women + minorities could enroll

Second Great Awakening

  • 1830-1850

  • Believed that reforming society would improve the lives of Americans

  • Departed from Calvinist + Reformed doctrines

  • Variety in churches + forms of worship

Charles G. Finney

  • 1835 - Served as a professor at Oberlin College

  • Departed from Calvinist doctrines

  • During camp meetings he practiced fervent preaching and softened hearts

  • Used New Light methods

  • Criticized by conservative Old Light leaders

Circuit-Riding Preachers

  • Missionary preachers rode on horseback to a different church each week

  • Very popular

  • Less adherence to orthodoxy (sound doctrine)

Maine Law

  • 1851 - Secured by Neal S. Dow

  • Prohibited the manufacture + sale of alcohol

  • The beginning of the Prohibition movement

Temperance Movement

  • 1826

  • Believed that the consumption of alcohol would lead to problems

  • Organizations included the Women’s Christian Temperance Union + Anti-Saloon League

  • Stated that the Constitution outlawed the production + sale of alcohol

    • Did this violate citizens’ freedom?

Lyceum Movement

  • Belief that self-improvement would lead to widespread societal reform

  • Lyceums were popular public lecture halls for education + debates

    • Frequented by transcendentalists + scientists

  • Prevalence of optimism

Hudson River School

  • Paintings of vast landscapes + wilderness

  • Spread the idea that there were many possibilities of American life

Phrenology

  • 1819 - Franz Joseph Gall publishes research

  • Science explained human behavior + personality

  • The study of different regions in human brain

  • Findings were demonstrated in lyceums

Brook Farm

  • Utopian community

  • 1841-1847 - Tried creating perfect society

  • Unitarian + Transcendentalist

  • Focused on the beliefs of quality + universal education

  • Because of the difficulty of farm life and bank management, it eventually went bankrupt

New Harmony

  • Founded by Robert Owen

  • A spiritual sanctuary that later became a haven for international scientists, scholars, and educators who sought equality in communal living

  • Only lasted a few years

Shakers

  • 1774 - Founded by Mother Ann Lee

  • 1840 - Reached peak membership

  • Ideas of work + worship + simple life

  • Spread to New England + beyond

  • Because they were celibate, it was hard to propagate the faith

Oneida Community

  • 1848 - Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in New York

  • Shared all property

  • “Complex marriage”

  • Eventually became a silverware company

Ralph Waldo Emerson

  • Ideas of transcendentalism combined those of idealism + eastern mysticism

  • 1841 - Publishes 1st essays

  • Abolitionist

Henry David Thoreau

  • Wrote Walden, which talked about higher laws to guide humans

  • Opposed to Mexican War + slavery

  • The idea of “civil disobedience” was of passive resistance

Joseph Smith

  • 1830 - Wrote Book of Mormon

  • Founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement

  • Leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

  • Murdered in jail

Brigham Young

  • 1847 - Served as the head of Mormons

  • Deseret was a colony in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake

    • 1850 - This settlement was eventually recognized as the Utah Territory

Mormonism

  • 1826 - Founded by Joseph Smith

  • Sent missionaries to Europe

  • Opened path for transcontinental railroad

  • Irrigated soil

  • Because of their polygamy + militaristic practices, they were eventually persecuted

BIG PICTURE

  • Age of Jackson - Humanitarian reforms + political advancement

  • Reforms - Prohibition, mentally ill, women, slavery

  • Religion + education - Common school movement + university

  • Religious reforms - Transcendentalism, Unitarianism, Lyceum

  • Utopia - Mormonism

  • Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

    • High protective tariff

    • National bank

    • Assumption of state debts + Continental Congress debts

    • DID NOT TAX EXPORTS

  • Election of 1796

    • John Adams + Thomas Pinckney vs. Thomas Jefferson + Aaron Burr

    • President (1st place) + VP (2nd place)

    • President + VP were from different political parties

    • 12th Amendment - President + VP run on same ticket

  • Chisholm v. Georgia

    • 1793

    • Citizen of South Carolina sued Georgia

    • 11th Amendment - State are sovereign + cannot be sued by citizens of other states


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