Unit 5 AP WORLD History: Heimlers History

Intellectual Movement: A period of applying rationalism and empiricism to understand the natural world and human relationships.
Ideological Framework: Provided basis for major revolutions such as the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions.

Rationalism: The belief that reason is the most trustworthy source of knowledge, rather than emotions or external authority.
Empiricism: Knowledge must be derived from sensory experience and rigorous experimentation.

Transformed beliefs away from religious authority (e.g., Copernicus and Galileo).
Led to the study of natural laws, promoting reason for understanding.

Individualism: Emphasis on the individual as the basic element of society.
Natural Rights: Coined by John Locke, individuals possess inherent rights that cannot be infringed upon (e.g., Life, Liberty, Property).
Social Contract: Agreement by individuals to form governments to protect their rights in exchange for personal liberties.

Revolutions: Inspired movements leading to the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions.
Nationalism: Sense of unique identity based on language, culture, and religion, often linked to territory.

Suffrage: The right to vote evolved from limited white male voting (1776) to include black males (1870).
Abolition of Slavery: Major movements led to the end of slavery in many regions, including Britain (1807).
End of Serfdom: Included revolts against serfdom leading to greater rights for peasants.
Calls for Women’s Suffrage: Emerging feminist movements, notable figures include Olympe de Gouges and those involved in the Seneca Falls Convention.

Nationalism: Celebrated shared identity and culture, fostering unity (e.g., national holidays).
Political Dissent: Public discontent towards monarchies due to high taxes and lack of representation.
New Ideologies: Growth in ideas of democracy and popular sovereignty.
- Democracy: Right to vote and influence policies.
- Liberalism: Emphasis on civil rights, representative government, and property rights.

American Revolution (1776): Colonists resisted British control and taxation, Thomas Jefferson, “ Declaration of Independence”
French Revolution (1789): Inspired by American ideals, aimed to overthrow monarchy.
Haitian Revolution (1791): Led by Toussaint Louverture against French colonial rule.
Latin American Revolutions: Movement led by Creole classes against the political power of peninsulares.
- Notable leader: Simon Bolivar, advocated for popular sovereignty.

Industrial Revolution: Transition from agrarian to industrial economies, affecting political and social structures.

Effect of steam power transformed trade and production globally.
Examples of differing industrial progress include France and Russia, both adapting at varying speeds to industrial technologies.

Energy Sources: Transition from coal to oil, enabling factories anywhere.
Second Industrial Revolution: Innovations in steel production (Bessemer Process), chemical engineering, and electricity.

New Social Classes: Emergence of the working class and the middle class, with industrialists at the top of the hierarchy.
Conditions of Workers: Often poor working environments but wages higher than agriculture.
Gender Roles: Working-class women took jobs in factories while middle-class women typically remained at home.

Labor Unions: Organized workers to advocate for rights and working conditions.
Political Reforms: Rise of political parties representing workers’ interests.
Educational Reforms: Compulsory education for children led to workforce specialization, enabling better job preparation.

Karl Marx: Advocated for a revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie to end class struggles, presenting the idea of communism.

China: Suffered defeats (e.g., Opium Wars) but began efforts at industrialization.
Ottoman Empire: Faced decline; implemented reforms to modernize.
Japan: Industrialized rapidly during the Meiji Restoration to avoid western domination.
- Only allowed Dutch Transportation until, American Commodore Mathew Perry forced Japan to open ports

Ideas of individual rights, social contracts, and economic theories shaped modern government and societal structures.
Multiple social reform movements emerged in response to industrialization, including feminist movements and labor rights.