second semester vocab (world history)

scientific revolution

events that marked the start of new modern science technology (ie heliocentric theory, scientific method)

heliocentric theory

sun in the center of the solar system with planets revolving around it

geocentric theory

earth in the center of the solar system with sun revolving around it

scientific method

a means of solidifying experimental structure for more accurate results

absolutism/authoritarianism

form of government where a single ruler holds all power and authority, often without limits or checks from other branches or individuals.

enlightenment era

a period of significant intellectual and cultural transformation in europe and america

social contract

theories that concern the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual

natural rights

rights that all humans should have regardless of class, gender, etc

enlightened despot

conduct and policies of european absolute monarchs influenced by the ideas of the enlightenment

popular sovreignty

principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people

three estates

the broad orders of social hierarchy (ie in france, peasants in third estate)

national assembly

a revolutionary assembly of the kingdom of france formed by the representatives of the third estate

declaration of rights of man and citizen

human civil rights document from the french revolution

reign of terror

mass executions led by the jacobins targeted toward higher class citizens

napoleonic code

french civil code still extant, with revisions, that was the main influence on the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental europe and latin america

abolitonism

philosophy regarding the abolition of slavery

haitian revolution

revolution in haiti caused by high slave rates and unfair labor treatment

simon bolivar

south american military and political leader, protagonist of the spanish-american emancipation against the spanish empire

industrialization

the process of making an economy rely more on industrial factories

capitalism

economic system based on private ownership of the means of production

socialism

economic system based on social ownership of the means of production

collective bargaining

negotiations between employers and a group of employees

opium wars

wars between britain and china regarding trade laws

taiping rebellion

civil war in china between the manchu-led qing dynasty and the hakka-led taiping heavenly kingdom

self-strengthening movement

a period of radical institutional reforms initiated in china during the late qing dynasty following the military disasters of the opium Wars

boxer rebellion

an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-christian uprising in north china between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the qing dynasty

meiji restoration

reform restoring the imperial rule in japan in the last third of the 19th century

suez canal

an artificial sea-level waterway in egypt, connecting the mediterranean sea to the red sea

berlin conference

conference following the scramble for africa that distributed colonies across africa to different european powers

cape to cairo railway

proposed but never completed railway connecting british colonies in eastern africa

white man’s burden

social theory that colonizing is beneficial for the colony and that europeans need to colonize to keep the colonies healthy

sepoy rebellion

a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against british rule in india in 1857-1859

indian national congress

political party in india formed by nationalist uprisings in british raj

russo-japanese war

a military conflict fought between the russian empire and the empire of japan from 1904 to 1905

bolsheviks

a revolutionary socialist current of soviet leninist and later marxist–leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution

sino-japanese war

1894–1895 war between the qing dynasty and the empire of japan over influence in joseon

great leap forward

economic and social campaign by the chinese communist party

central powers

german empire, austria-hungary, the ottoman empire, and bulgaria

axis powers

nazi germany, the kingdom of italy and the empire of japan

zimmerman telegram

1917 WW1 telegram from germany to mexico proposing an alliance

league of nations

20th-century international organisation, predecessor to the united nations

treaty of versailles

peace treaty of ww1 which ended the state of war between germany and the allied powers

sykes-picot agreement

secret agreement signed in 1916 between france and the united kingdom providing for the division of the middle east at the end of the first world war

armenian genocide

genocide of the armenian minority due to ottoman paranoia

holodomor

man-made famine in soviet ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of ukrainians

holocaust

genocide of european jews by nazi germany carried out during the second world war

lebensraum

german concept of expansionism and völkisch nationalism

appeasement

diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict

warsaw pact

a collective defense treaty signed in warsaw, poland, between the soviet union and seven other eastern bloc socialist republics of central and eastern europe

NATO

intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states

space race

the race… to space! (soviet union vs usa)

MAD theory

mutually assured destruction (doctrine of military strategy and national security policy which posits that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would result in the complete annihilation of both the attacker and defender)

detente

the relaxation of strained relations, especially political ones, through verbal communication.