biology b3

b3.2 and 3.3

ADH

* hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.


* increases water re-absorption into the kidney by making tubules more permeable to water

adrenalin

* hormone released by the adrenal gland
* increases breathing and heart rate
* raises blood sugar levels by increasing conversion of glycogen into glucose

auxin

plant hormone responsible for cell elongation

contraception

methods used to prevent pregnancy

dormancy

* period if time for seed hibernation
* stops when they germinate

endocrine glands

group of cells specialised in secreting hormones directly to bloodstream

endocrine system

chemical messenger (hormone) system

* releases hormones directly into blood stream
* controls metabolism, development, growth and reproduction

ethene (hormone)

promotes fruit ripening

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

* released from pituitary gland
* responsible for eggs to mature in ovary

name main endocrine glands

* pancreas
* adrenal gland
* hypothalamus
* pituitary gland
* thyroid
* ovaries/testes

geotropism

a plant’s growth response to gravity

germination

process by which seeds grow into plants

gibberellins

plant hormones that initiate germination and flowering

glucagon

* hormone produced by pancreas
* works with insulin to control blood sugar levels
* glycagon →glucose = increased blood glucose concentration

herbicide

type of pesticides that kills weeds and unwanted plants

homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal environment despite fluctuations in internal and external conditions

hormone

* chemical messenger
* secreted by endocrine glands into bloodstream
* transported to receptors on target organs

hypothalamus

* part of brain
* regulation centre for body’s temp and water balance

infertility

inability to reproduce after 12+ months of unprotected sex

insulin

* hormone produced by pancreas
* controls body’s blood sugar levels
* works to decrease glucose levels

in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

* fertilisation of an egg using sperm **outside** the body
* used when couple have difficulty conceiving

kidney

organ that maintains water balance and produces urine

lutenising hormone (LH)

* female reproductive hormone released by pituitary gland
* stimulates release of **egg**

menstrual cycle

* 28 day cycle in women
* __includes__:

development of uterus lining

ovulation

maintenance of uterus lining

shedding of uterus lining

negative feedback system

system that works to reverse changes in body

nephron

kidney filtering unit

oestrogen

* female sex hormone
* produced in ovaries
* regulates menstrual cycle
* controls development of secondary sexual characteristics

osmosis

net movement of water

high water concentration →region of lower water concentration

through **partially permeable membrane**

osmotic lysis

animal cell bursting due to too much water moving into a cell

osmotic shrinking

animal cell shrinking due to water moving out

parthenocarpic fruit development

development of seedless fruit

phototropism

plant’s growth response to unilateral light

pituitary gland

* gland
* stores and releases hormones
* regulates many bodily functions

progesterone

maintains uterus lining late during menstrual cycle and pregnancy

renal artery

blood vessel that **provides** kidney with blood

renal vein

blood vessel that **carries blood away** from kidney

root cuttings

* method of plant cloning
* root cut from parent plant and replanted in compost

rooting powder

* powder that contains auxins
* cut root dipped in it before replanting (root cuttings)

testosterone

* male reproductive hormone
* controls sperm production and development of secondary sexual characteristics

thyroxine

* hormone released by thyroid
* __controls:__
* metabolic rate
* rate of glucose uptake during respiration
* promotes growth

tissue culture

* method of cloning plants
* plants grown in growth medium containing nutrients

type 1 diabetes

a condition in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin resulting in high blood sugar levels

type 2 diabetes

a condition in which a person develops insulin resistance or doesn’t produce enough insulin

urine

* liquid produced by kidneys
* helps maintain water balance
* __contains:__
* mineral ions
* water
* urea

vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels

vasodilation

dilation (widening) of blood vessels

water potential

measurement for the tendency of water to move from one area to another area

* represneted by sign Ψ (psi)

thermoregulation

regulation of internal body temp

osmoregulation

regulation of amount of water in the blood