biology b3

b3.2 and 3.3

ADH

• hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

• increases water re-absorption into the kidney by making tubules more permeable to water

adrenalin

• hormone released by the adrenal gland

• increases breathing and heart rate

• raises blood sugar levels by increasing conversion of glycogen into glucose

auxin

plant hormone responsible for cell elongation

contraception

methods used to prevent pregnancy

dormancy

• period if time for seed hibernation

• stops when they germinate

endocrine glands

group of cells specialised in secreting hormones directly to bloodstream

endocrine system

chemical messenger (hormone) system

• releases hormones directly into blood stream

• controls metabolism, development, growth and reproduction

ethene (hormone)

promotes fruit ripening

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• released from pituitary gland

• responsible for eggs to mature in ovary

name main endocrine glands

• pancreas

• adrenal gland

• hypothalamus

• pituitary gland

• thyroid

• ovaries/testes

geotropism

a plant’s growth response to gravity

germination

process by which seeds grow into plants

gibberellins

plant hormones that initiate germination and flowering

glucagon

• hormone produced by pancreas

• works with insulin to control blood sugar levels

• glycagon →glucose = increased blood glucose concentration

herbicide

type of pesticides that kills weeds and unwanted plants

homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal environment despite fluctuations in internal and external conditions

hormone

• chemical messenger

• secreted by endocrine glands into bloodstream

• transported to receptors on target organs

hypothalamus

• part of brain

• regulation centre for body’s temp and water balance

infertility

inability to reproduce after 12+ months of unprotected sex

insulin

• hormone produced by pancreas

• controls body’s blood sugar levels

• works to decrease glucose levels

in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

• fertilisation of an egg using sperm outside the body

• used when couple have difficulty conceiving

kidney

organ that maintains water balance and produces urine

lutenising hormone (LH)

• female reproductive hormone released by pituitary gland

• stimulates release of egg

menstrual cycle

• 28 day cycle in women

• includes:

  development of uterus lining

  ovulation

  maintenance of uterus lining

  shedding of uterus lining

negative feedback system

system that works to reverse changes in body

nephron

kidney filtering unit

oestrogen

• female sex hormone

• produced in ovaries

• regulates menstrual cycle

• controls development of secondary sexual characteristics

osmosis

net movement of water

high water concentration →region of lower water concentration

through **partially permeable membrane**

osmotic lysis

animal cell bursting due to too much water moving into a cell

osmotic shrinking

animal cell shrinking due to water moving out

parthenocarpic fruit development

development of seedless fruit

phototropism

plant’s growth response to unilateral light

pituitary gland

• gland

• stores and releases hormones

• regulates many bodily functions

progesterone

maintains uterus lining late during menstrual cycle and pregnancy

renal artery

blood vessel that **provides** kidney with blood

renal vein

blood vessel that **carries blood away** from kidney

root cuttings

• method of plant cloning

• root cut from parent plant and replanted in compost

rooting powder

• powder that contains auxins

• cut root dipped in it before replanting (root cuttings)

testosterone

• male reproductive hormone

• controls sperm production and development of secondary sexual characteristics

thyroxine

• hormone released by thyroid

• controls:

  • metabolic rate

  • rate of glucose uptake during respiration

• promotes growth

tissue culture

• method of cloning plants

• plants grown in growth medium containing nutrients

type 1 diabetes

a condition in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin resulting in high blood sugar levels

type 2 diabetes

a condition in which a person develops insulin resistance or doesn’t produce enough insulin

urine

• liquid produced by kidneys

• helps maintain water balance

• contains:

  • mineral ions

  • water

  • urea

vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels

vasodilation

dilation (widening) of blood vessels

water potential

measurement for the tendency of water to move from one area to another area

* represneted by sign Ψ (psi)

thermoregulation

regulation of internal body temp

osmoregulation

regulation of amount of water in the blood