biology b3

b3.2 and 3.3

ADH

ADH

• hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

• increases water re-absorption into the kidney by making tubules more permeable to water

adrenalin

• hormone released by the adrenal gland

• increases breathing and heart rate

• raises blood sugar levels by increasing conversion of glycogen into glucose

auxin

plant hormone responsible for cell elongation

contraception

methods used to prevent pregnancy

dormancy

• period if time for seed hibernation

• stops when they germinate

endocrine glands

group of cells specialised in secreting hormones directly to bloodstream

endocrine system

chemical messenger (hormone) system

• releases hormones directly into blood stream

• controls metabolism, development, growth and reproduction

ethene (hormone)

promotes fruit ripening

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• released from pituitary gland

• responsible for eggs to mature in ovary

name main endocrine glands

• pancreas

• adrenal gland

• hypothalamus

• pituitary gland

• thyroid

• ovaries/testes

geotropism

a plant’s growth response to gravity

germination

process by which seeds grow into plants

gibberellins

plant hormones that initiate germination and flowering

glucagon

• hormone produced by pancreas

• works with insulin to control blood sugar levels

• glycagon →glucose = increased blood glucose concentration

herbicide

type of pesticides that kills weeds and unwanted plants

homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal environment despite fluctuations in internal and external conditions

hormone

• chemical messenger

• secreted by endocrine glands into bloodstream

• transported to receptors on target organs

hypothalamus

• part of brain

• regulation centre for body’s temp and water balance

infertility

inability to reproduce after 12+ months of unprotected sex

insulin

• hormone produced by pancreas

• controls body’s blood sugar levels

• works to decrease glucose levels

in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

• fertilisation of an egg using sperm outside the body

• used when couple have difficulty conceiving

kidney

organ that maintains water balance and produces urine

lutenising hormone (LH)

• female reproductive hormone released by pituitary gland

• stimulates release of egg

menstrual cycle

• 28 day cycle in women

• includes:

  development of uterus lining

  ovulation

  maintenance of uterus lining

  shedding of uterus lining

negative feedback system

system that works to reverse changes in body

nephron

kidney filtering unit

oestrogen

• female sex hormone

• produced in ovaries

• regulates menstrual cycle

• controls development of secondary sexual characteristics

osmosis

net movement of water

high water concentration →region of lower water concentration

through partially permeable membrane

osmotic lysis

animal cell bursting due to too much water moving into a cell

osmotic shrinking

animal cell shrinking due to water moving out

parthenocarpic fruit development

development of seedless fruit

phototropism

plant’s growth response to unilateral light

pituitary gland

• gland

• stores and releases hormones

• regulates many bodily functions

progesterone

maintains uterus lining late during menstrual cycle and pregnancy

renal artery

blood vessel that provides kidney with blood

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from kidney

root cuttings

• method of plant cloning

• root cut from parent plant and replanted in compost

rooting powder

• powder that contains auxins

• cut root dipped in it before replanting (root cuttings)

testosterone

• male reproductive hormone

• controls sperm production and development of secondary sexual characteristics

thyroxine

• hormone released by thyroid

• controls:

  • metabolic rate

  • rate of glucose uptake during respiration

• promotes growth

tissue culture

• method of cloning plants

• plants grown in growth medium containing nutrients

type 1 diabetes

a condition in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin resulting in high blood sugar levels

type 2 diabetes

a condition in which a person develops insulin resistance or doesn’t produce enough insulin

urine

• liquid produced by kidneys

• helps maintain water balance

• contains:

  • mineral ions

  • water

  • urea

vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels

vasodilation

dilation (widening) of blood vessels

water potential

measurement for the tendency of water to move from one area to another area

• represneted by sign Ψ (psi)

thermoregulation

regulation of internal body temp

osmoregulation

regulation of amount of water in the blood