Muscular

Functions of the muscular system

• hold body erect

• movement

• generates 85% of body heat

• move food through digestive system

• aid blood flow through veins

• move fluids through ducts and other systems

muscle fibers

• long, slender cells make up muscles

• each muscle consists of a group of fibers bound together by connective tissue

fascia

• flexible band of connective tissue

• envelops, separates or bids together muscles

myofascial

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

tendon

• narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue

• attach muscle to bone

aponeurosis

• sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon

• serves as a fascia to to bind muscles or connect to bone

skeletal muscle

• Voluntary control

• striated

smooth muscle

• visceral muscles

• involuntary

• unstriated

visceral muscles

• in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and ducts from glands

myocardial/cardiac muscle

• striated

• involuntary

• constant contraction and relaxation causes heartbeat

innervation

simulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

antagonistic muscle pairs

• one muscle contracts

• opposite relaxes

contraction

tightening, becoming shorter and thicker, enlarged muscle belly

relaxation

longer thinner

abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline

adduction

movement of a limb toward the midline

flexion

decreasing the angle between 2 bones by bending limb at joint

extension

increasing the angle by straightening limb

rotation

circular movement around an axis

circumduction

circular movement at the far end of a limb

supination

turning limb so that palm/sole is turned forward/upward

pronation

turning limb so that palm/sole downward/backward

dorsiflexion

bending foot upward at ankle

plantar flexion

bending foot downward at ankle

frontalis

• muscle in the forehead

• raises and lowers eyebrows

temporalis

muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

masseter

muscle moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

pectoralis major

• bulk of the chest in males

• lies under breast in females

external and internal oblique

• in abdomen

• flex and rotate the torso and spine

rectus abdominis

• helps flex the trunk

• assists in breathing

• supports the spine

transverse abdominis

• on side of abdomen

• engaged with laughs or coughs

deltoid

forms the muscular cap of the shoulder

trapezius

muscle moves the head and shoulder blade

biceps brachii

• in anterior upper arm

• flexes the elbow

triceps brachii

• in posterior upper arm

• extends the elbow

rectus femoris

extends the leg at the knee

quadriceps femoris

• four muscles

• flex and extend the leg at the knee

gastrocnemius

calf muscles that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward

exercise physiologist

• specialist working under the supervision of a physician

• develop, implement and coordinate exercise programs

• administer tests

neurologist

physician specializing in treating causes of paralysis and similar disorders

physiatrist

physician specializing in physical medicine and rehab with the focus on restoring function

sports medicine physician

specializes in treating sport-related injuries of the bones joints and muscles

fasciitis

inflammation of a fascia

fibromyalgia syndrome

• debilitating chronic condition

• characterised by fatigue, diffuse or specific pain

tenosunovitis

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

tendinitis

• inflammation of the tendons

• from excessive or unusual use of joint

chronic fatigue syndrome

• debilitating and complex disorder

• unknown cause

• profound fatigue

adhesion

band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

atrophy

weakness/wearing away of body tissues and structures

myalgia

tenderness or pain in muscles

myocele

herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the surrounding fascia

hernia

protrusion of a part of a structure through the containing tissue

myolysis

degeneration of muscle tissue

myorrhexis

simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass, strength and function with aging

muscle tone

the state of balanced muscle tension

atonic muscle tone

lacking normal tone or strength

dystonia muscle tone

abnormal muscle tone that caused impairment of voluntary movement

hypotonia muscle tone

diminished tone of skeletal muscles

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

contracture

• permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin

• occurs when elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

intermittent claudication

pain in leg muscles during exercise

spasm

sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles

cramp

painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause

spasmodic torticollis

stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement

dykinesia

distortion/impairement of voluntary movement

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased muscle function/activity

myoclonus

sudden involuntary jerking of muscles

nocturnal myoclonus

myoclonus when a person is falling asleep

singultus

myoclonus of the diaphragm causing hiccup with each spasm

myasthenia gravis

chronic autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction and producing serious weakness of voluntary muscles

muscular dystrophy

• over 30 genetic diseases

• progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles without affecting the nervous system

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

• most common

• primarly affects boys aged 3-5

• progressses rapidly

becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

similar but less sever than DMD

repetitive stress disorders

result from repeated motions

repetitive stress disorders- compartment syndrome

• compression of nerves and blood vessels

• due to swelling within muscle compartment

overuse injuries

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

overuse tendinitis

• inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unsual use of a joint

• stress fracture

myofasical pain syndrome

• chronic pain disorder

• affecting muscles and fascia throughout the body

myofasical pain syndrome - trigger points

• tender areas

• commonly develop where facia comes into contact with muscle

myofasical pain syndrome - referred pain

originates in one area but is felt in another

rator cuff injuries- impingement syndrome

inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between shoulders and joints.

rator cuff tendinitis

• inflammation of tendons of the rotator cuff

• may lead to ruptured rotator cuff

carpal tunnel syndrome

• tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically oversued

• become inflamed and swollen

carpal tunnel release

• surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or

• cutting of carpal ligament to relieve pressure

ganglion cyst

• harmless fluid-filled swelling

• occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

epicondylitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

heel spur

• calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near attachment to the calcaneus bone

• can cause plantar fasciitis

sprain

injury to a joint occuring when a ligament is wrenched or torn

strain

injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

shin splint

painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia

achilles tendinitis

painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress

iliotibial band syndrome

overuse injury of the iliotibial band rubbing against bone

incomplete spinal cord injury

some function below the level of injury

complete spinal cord injury

complete loss of sensation and muscle control

paralysis

loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movement in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

myoparesis

weakness or slight muscular paralysis

hemiparesis

slight paralysis affecting one side of the body

hemiplegia

total paralysis affecting one side of the body