Ch 2 Chemistry of Life

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves SHARING a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

the substance that is dissolved

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

pH

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius

Enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

nucleic acids

macromolecule made of a string of nucleotides

Reactant

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Exothermic reaction

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

endothermic reaction

A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat

acidic solution

A solution with a pH less than 7 is an

basic solution

a solution whose pH is greater than 7

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

stronger

Covalent bonds are STRONGER or WEAKER than ionic bonds

low

A substance that takes very little energy to change its temperature has a LOW or HIGH specific heat?

1) It can make 4 covalent bonds

2) It will bond with many elements

3) it can make three shapes of molecules

List three characteristics of carbon that may be why so many biomolecules are based on carbon

1) straight chain

2) branched chain

3) ring

What are the three SHAPES of molecules carbon can make?

1) Protein

2) Carbohydrates

3) Lipids

4) Nucleic Acids

List the four carbon based biomolecules that are the foundation of life

amino acids

What is the monomer that is linked together to make a protein?

DNA and RNA

What are two polymers of nucleic acid?

fatty acids

What is the monomer or building block for lipids?

bond energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond

Hydrogen

Because water is a polar molecule it can form __________________ bonds between different water molecules

peptide binds

What type of bond holds amino acids togther?