Endocrine system I

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Endocrine system

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23 Terms

1

Endocrine system

Initiates responses slowly, Long duration responses, Acts via hormones released into the blood, Acts at diffuse locations targets can be anywhere blood reaches, Hormones act over long distances.

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2

Nervous system

Initiates responses rapidly, Short duration responses, Acts via action potentials and neurotransmitters, Acts at specific locations determined by axon pathways, Neurotransmitters act over very short distances.

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3

Homeostasis

Maintains and regulates internal balance of water and nutrient levels, metabolism, immune response, growth and development, and reproduction.

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4

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands that release secretions (hormones) into surrounding body fluids (interstitial fluid, lymph system, and blood stream).

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5

Hormones

Chemical signals released by endocrine cells that act on target cells through hormone receptors, influencing various physiological processes.

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6

Hormone receptors

Expressed by target cells, they act via intracellular second-messenger pathways to transmit the hormonal signal and initiate a cellular response.

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7

Second-messenger pathways

Amplify the initial hormonal signal by multiplying the response at each stage of subsequent activation and control, allowing for temporal, spatial, quantitative, and qualitative regulation.

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8

Adrenaline

Stress hormone and neurotransmitter acting on various organ systems.

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9

Serotonin

Hormone and neurotransmitter that affects the cardiovascular system and is often referred to as the "happiness" transmitter.

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10

Melatonin

Hormone and neurotransmitter that helps regulate our circadian "inner" clock.

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11

Growth hormone

Controls growth and development.

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12

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys.

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13

Insulin

Lowers blood sugar level.

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14

Glucagon

Increases blood sugar level.

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15

Steroid hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones synthesized from cholesterol that can enter the cell and act on intracellular receptors to directly activate genes.

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16

Negative feedback

Regulatory mechanism that brings an internal condition or signal back to homeostasis by stimulating a physiological response.

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17

Humoral stimuli

Change of ions or nutrients in the body fluids detected by receptors of endocrine cells, triggering the release of appropriate hormones.

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18

Neural stimuli

Stimulation of endocrine cells by neurons, such as the release of adrenaline in response to stress.

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19

Hormonal stimuli

Endocrine cells responding to hormones released by other endocrine cells.

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20

Cell-specific response

Binding of a hormone triggers a cellular response that is specific to the target cell, influenced by hormone concentration, density of receptors, and receptor affinity.

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21

Permissiveness

One hormone requires the presence of another hormone to exert its full effect, allowing for fine-scale temporal and spatial control.

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22

Synergism

More than one hormone produces the same effect in a target cell, amplifying the overall effect.

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23

Antagonism

Different hormones oppose each other's actions, resulting in a response from the target cell that depends on the hormone-hormone interaction.

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