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Government
The leadership or elite in charge of running the state.
Nation
A group that desires self-government through an independent state.
Regime
The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power.
State
(1) The organization that maintains monopoly of force over given territory
(2) A set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality.
Unitary System
A system in which most political power exists at the national level, with limited local authority.
Rule of Law
A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power or authority.
Rule by Law
When the earlier factors do not exist or are being manipulated by those in power.
Characteristics of Authoritarian Regime
Generally centralize power into the hands of few government officials or institutions (like the military)
Branches of the government are less likely to be independent
Rule BY law
Democratization
The process of transitioning from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime.
Characteristics of Democratized Regimes
Rule OF law
Civil Rights: Protections from discrimination
Competitive Elections: Free, fair, competitive, and regular elections
Civil Society and Civic Culture: Civil liberties are protected and citizen participation is allowed and encouraged
Capitalism and Affluence: Strong stable economy
Political Legitimacy
A virtue of political institutions and of the decisions — about laws, policies, and candidates for political office — made within them.
Nationalization
Process of a government taking control of a specific company or industry.
Privatization
Process of transferring ownership of a government — owned business, operation, or property to a private, non-government party.
Command Economy
The government owns almost all industrial enterprises and retail sale outlets; managed by a party-dominated state.
Market Economy
An economy that does not allow for significant control from the central government.
Globalization
The process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, and economics.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm.
Neoliberalism (Economic Liberalization)
Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.
Cleavages
Divisions in a state, such as social, ethnic, religious or regional cleavages.
Brain Drain
Describes the emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from one country to another.
Protectionism
Trade policy that aims to protect domestic industries and workers from foreign competition by imposing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers.
Race to the Bottom
Socio-economic phenomenon; governments deregulate business environments or taxes to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions; results in lower wages, worse working conditions, fewer environmental protections.
Civil Society
Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests.
Corporatism
A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state.
Inverse-Reaction Theory
The reaction of the state to a challenge its authority is likely to be the opposite of what the challenger intends.
Ethno-nationalism
Extreme nationalist ideology that prioritizes the rights of the ethnic majority over those of ethnic minorities and the political opposition.
Materalists
Political theory that emphasizes the role of economic and social conditions in shaping political behavior and change.
Post-materalists
Political theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalism, feminism, and other “new” issues.
Revolution of Rising Expectations
A period of relative improvement in the standard living.
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