Ncea level 3 plants and animals

Innate behavior

A behavior that is genetically encoded and cannot change

Learned behavior

A behavior that is not genetically encoded, but is learned from experience or observation

Taxis

A movement response towards or away from a directional stimulus

Kinesis

A change in rate of movement in response to a non-directional stimulus

What is the difference between Taxis and Kinesis?

Taxis is Directional

Kinesis is speed/turning rate based

What are the 4 main types of Navigation

Solar

Stellar

Magnetic fields

Landmarks, smells, sounds

What is Homing?

Regular, short-distance travel from a food/mating location to one "home"

What is Migration?

The long distance, mass movement of organisms between 2 habitats

Adaptive Advantage

The benefit an organism gets from having a certain trait/behavior

What is the #1 rule of migration

The benefits MUST outweigh the disadvantages

Internal cues to Migrate

Biological Clock

Hormones

Fat stores

Migration on maturity

External cues to Migrate

Temprature

Change in day length

Food scarcity

Circadian

A biorhythm that has a period 24 hours

Circanual

A biorhythm that has a period of one year

Circalunar

A biorhythm that has a period of 28-29 days

Circatidal

A biorhythm that has a period of 12.4 hours

Nocturnal

active at night

Diurnal

active during the day

Crepuscular

active at dawn and dusk

Endogeneous

A biorhythm that is driven by an internal "clock", does not require any environmental cues

Exogeneous

A biorhythm that is driven by external cues, If the cue isn't present, the rhythm wont happen

Zeitgeber

An environmental cue that syncs up a biological clock

Entrainment

The resetting of a biological clock using a Zeitgeber

Free-running period

The time it takes for a rhythm to repeat itself in constant conditions

Phase shift

The amount of time a biorhythm shifts forwards/backward each day in constant conditions

Trophisim

A directional growth response towards or away from a stimulus (plants)

Nasty

A non-directional, reversible response to a stimulus (plants)

Auxin

The hormone in plants that is responsible for inhibiting or stimulating cell elongation

What does Auxin do in Root cells?

Inhibits cell elongation

What does Auxin do in shoot cells?

Stimulates cell elongation

What is the mechanism of Tropisim

Cell elongation due to high auxin concentration

What is the mechanisim of Nastic responses

Ion shift (active transport) that causes water movement. Makes cells flacid/turgid

Photoperiod

The ammount of time in a 24 hour period where it is light

Photoperiodisim

The ability of a plant ot use the photoperiod to trigger flowering

Critical day length

The specific duration of daylight that triggers plants to bloom

Long Day Plants (LDP)

A plant that requires days longer than the critical day length (short nights) in order to flower.

Short Day Plants (SDP)

A plant that reqires days shorter than the critical day lenght (long nights) in order to flower

What does Pfr do to long- day plants?

stimulates flowering

What does Pfr do to short-day plants?

inhibits flowering

What turns Pr into Pfr?

Red light (daylight)

What turns Pfr into Pr (Rapid)

Far red light (in a controlled setting)

What turns Pfr into Pr (in nature)

Absence of Red light (Darkness)

How are short day plants trigered to bloom?

Nights are long, so Pfr has time to convert to Pr. Means there are low concentrations of Pfr, which triggers it to bloom

How are long day plants triggered to bloom

Nights are short, so there is no time for Pfr to convert to Pr. Means there is a high concentration of Pfr, which triggers it to bloom

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Parasitisim

a symbiotic relationship in which one species benifits and in doing so the other is harmed.

Mutualisim

a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

Commensalisim

a symbiotic relationship in which one species benifits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Exploitation

An organism taking advantage of another organism for its survival

Predators

Organisms that hunt and Kill other organisims called prey

Herbivors

Orgnisims that consume parts of other organisims (plants)

Are Herbivors predators

No

Why are prdators and prey in an "Evolutionary arms race"?

Predators evolve to catch prey, so they prey have to evolve to avoid the predators, which means the predators have to evolve more ect

Predation strategy: Belonging to groups

More members to help hunt, so increased food intake

Predation strategy: Snares

Parts of the body that help entice prey, so that the predator can trap them

Prey Strategey: Living in a group

Increased vigilance, increased defences., confusion effect, concealment of young

camoflauge

An adaptation that allows an organism to blend in with its envoronment

Batsian mimicry

harmless species mimic an unpalatable or harmful species

mullarian mimicry

A mutual mimicry by two species, both of which are poisonous or otherwise harmful to a predator

Autonomy

Shedding a part of the body in order to escape predators

Aposemitisim

Bright colors/patterns used on prey as a warning that they are unpalatable

Prey strategey: Synchronised Breeding

A shorter breeding season makes lots of babies, which means at least some will survive predation

Prey strategy: Chemichal defense

Venom, toxins, tannis to defend against predators

Prey Strategy: Mechanical protection

Spikes, shells etc

Morphological defense

Physical features that help an animal defend itself aginst predators

Behavioral defense

Behaving in ways that minimize risk from predation

Agressive mimicry

when a predator mimics a harmless or desirable species

Competition

When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

Optimum tolerance

The range of an abiotic factor that an organisim can tolerate

Gause's principle

states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time

Niche

The total tolerance range of a species to all of the abiotic factors

Fundamental niche

The range of conditions an organisim is able to tolerate

Realise niche

The range of conitions it ends up tolerating

Why is there more intraspecific competiton than interspecific?

Because members of the same species occupy the same niche

Altruisim

An organism protecting an unrelated organisim at the cost of itself

Kin selection

An organisim protecting a related organisim (child) at the cost of itself

Eusocialisim

living in a cooperative group in which usually one female and several males are reproductively active and the nonbreeding individuals care for the young or protect and provide for the group

Pros of intraspecific competition

-Drives evolution

-Controls the population

Cons of interspecific competition

-Higher mortality rate

-Increased aggression

-Increased physical stress

agonistic behavior

A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.

Linear dominance hierachy

Where one organisim is directly "above" another

Higher rankings get better access to food and mates

Territory

The geographical area an animal occupies and defends

Home Range

The area surrounding a territory that an animal will occupy, but not defend

R strategey

An animal having lots of offsprring, but putting no energy into raising them

K strategey

An animal that has few offspring, but puts lots of energy into raising them