Chapter 3 Genetics

Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one original parental cell.

Somatic cells

Nonreproductive body cells that contain chromosomes in pairs, typically diploid (2n).

Gametes

Reproductive cells produced from germ-line cells, which are haploid (n) and not genetically identical to each other.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that results in the production of gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Centromere

The specialized DNA sequence where sister chromatids are joined together.

Kinetochore

A protein complex that binds to the centromere during cell division to facilitate chromosome movement.

Cytokinesis

The process of cytoplasmic division that results in the formation of two daughter cells.

Diploid

A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent; denoted as (2n).

Haploid

A cell containing one set of chromosomes; denoted as (n).

Chiasma

The point where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material through crossing over.

Independent assortment

The process during meiosis where chromosomes are distributed randomly into gametes, leading to genetic diversity.

Nondisjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.

Sex-linked inheritance

The inheritance of traits determined by genes located on sex chromosomes.

X-linked recessive trait

A trait that is expressed more often in males than in females due to hemizygosity for genes on the X chromosome.

SRY gene

A gene found on the Y chromosome responsible for male sex determination.

Cohesin

A protein that holds together sister chromatids and prevents their premature separation before anaphase.

What stage of mitosis is this?

Prophase

What stage of mitosis is this?

Telophase

Karyokinesis

The process of partitioning DNA into daughter cell nuclei during cell division.

What stage of mitosis is this?

Metaphase

What stage of mitosis is this?

Anaphase

What stage of mitosis is this?

Interphase

Meiosis I

Where homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells.

Meiosis II

Where sister chromatids separate within those haploid cells, producing four haploid daughter cells in total.

G1 phase

The phase of interphase, where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins necessary for DNA replication.

S phase

The phase of interphase where DNA is replicated, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes before cell division.

G2 phase

The phase of interphase, where the cell prepares for mitosis by producing proteins and organelles, and continues to grow.