Mid Term for Intro to Information System Management

This midterm covers Chapter 2,4,5,6, and 7

3 Class of Computers

CPU(brain), Memory(storage), Input/output(sensory part)

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

It has 24 cores and its flexiable. Its good for general purpose however its much more limited.

Graphics processing unit(GPU)

it has 10000 cores and its for graphics(not flexblie). Its really good for proccessing and performing calulcation s and for 3D graphics

Single-user portable computers

Small enough to be carried and light weight Notebooks/Tablets/Nettops

Single-user nonportable computers

Fixed stationary computer that can do complex or specific task Desktops and Workstations

Server Farm

A large collection of servers that work togather to prcoess data and to handle task like running a website

Blade server

Compact, modular servers that include computer memory, storage, network connections, and often a cooling source. They are designed to save space in data centers.

1 and 2 tier for data center 

Good for small busniess. if a busniess data center runs out it wont ber a bug disruption

3 and 4 data center

good for large organizations can have large hardware and has power-related devices and other power sources

Green Computing

environmentally design that focus on reducing hazardous material, lowing a company power-related cost, and can recyclinng computers and other equipment

Random Acccess Memory (RAM)

Temporary Hardware that stores currently being data. This allows a fast access and proccessor of different files and applications.

Read-only Memory(ROM)

Permanet Hardware. Data that has been pre-recorded. Allows a phone and computer to boot up without loosing its data Nonvolatile

Characteristics of quality data

Accessible, Accurate, Complete, Economical, Relevant, Reliable, Secure, Timely and verifiable

Why is is important for Quality data and information

1. It allows to make data backed up decisons.

2. It allows you to anaylsis __ easier which gives you make customers satisfaction high

3. Find your target audience

4. It enchances innovation. vecuse it allows people to work efficency, product and service quality

5. Raises Productivity allows employees to focus on the core mission instead of correcting the data errors

Entity-Relationships(ER)

A model that shows the structure of the database by showing the relation between entities(tables) and their attributes (characteristics) to others entities. This is used to anayze and communicate data needs

Data query language (DQL)

select data from a table in the database

Data definition language (DDL)

collections of intructions and commands used to define/describe the data and the relattionships

Data dictionary

collection of metadata that describe the data, format, stucture, and relationshops in a data base

Database Management System (DBMS)

Software to create/maintain/control the database by allowing user to intact with the data

Multiple-user computers

System that allows several users to have access and interact with the same computer and it shares resources like storage and processing power Mainframe computers / Mainframe computer, Supercomputer(largest),Blade servers, and Embedded computers

Data Warehouse

(older) Used as a storage for large datebase. its a hub for a organization complete analytical data throughout the enterprise. 

Supercomputers

Large, fast, expensive used for complex math and tasks government or a world company has it, used for process large amount of data from space 

Embedded computers

Sit on a the motherboard. Its very small and only has specific job —> cheap smartwatch that counts steps and heartbeat

Processors

Machine that processes something

Mainframe computers

Processes thousands of tasks simultaneously(consistently) Bank transactions

Quantum computing

a type of computing the is focus on quantum mechanics to perform calculations at a quick speed its an emerging computers 

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR)

(Input) A technology used to verify the legitimacy or originality of paper documents and to assist in the processing of checks

Optical Character Recognition(OCR)

(Input) a technology that enables the conversion of different types of documents, such as scanned paper documents or PDFs, into editable and searchable data formats.

Optical Mark Recognition(OMR)

(Input) A technology used to capture and interpret human-marked data from forms such as surveya, ballots, and SAT

Speech recognition devices

(Input) Devices that convert spoken language into text or commands, commonly used in voice-activated systems

Plasma display

Uses small cells filled with gas that light up when electrically charged, creating bright and high-contrast images — often used in large TVs.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Uses liquid crystals that block or allow light from a backlight to pass through, making it energy-efficient and ideal for thin screens like laptops and monitors.

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A type of LCD display that uses LEDs instead of fluorescent lights for the backlight, offering brighter images, thinner screens, and lower power use.

OLED (Organic LED)

Each pixel produces its own light using organic materials, giving deeper blacks, faster response times, and flexible or curved screen designs. its the lowest consumption 

Different types of Memory

RAM, ROM, and cache

Memory

Gives the processor with an area to store instructions and data

Input/Output

Provide data and instructions to the computer and it deals with results sent from the computer

Cache

High-speed memory, processor can access faster than the main memory

Cloud computing 

Delivering on-demand computing services (servers, storage, databases, networking, software) over the Internet.Offers flexible resources, rapid innovation, and cost savings.

Utility computing

A service provisioning model where computing resources (like processing power or storage) are provided on demand and billed like a public utility. Allows users to pay only for the resources they consume.

Grid computing 

collection of computers that work to solve a common problem 

Parallel computing

A type of computing that divides a large workload among many processors to solve a problem

Web computing

gives a run applications and access data using the web browser over the internet 

Data center

climate/access controlled housing computer hardware

Data mart

A subset of data warehouse that provide quick access to relevant data for a specific department

Data mining

Used to find hidden patterns, trends and etc which is important in large datasets to make data backed decision-making

Real-time

responds to input instantly 

Multithreading

allows to open different thread(a set of instruction within an applications that is independent of others threads) of a single program

Multiprocessing

Supports running a program on more than one CPU.

Server virtualization

is a way to divide one physical server into several smaller virtual servers. Each virtual server works like a separate computer, even though they all share the same physical hardware. This can improive hardware usage

5 approach of task mangement

Multi-user, multiprocessing, multitasking, multihreading, and real-time

Operation System

a set of programs that controls the computer’s hardware and acts like an interface wiith the applications

kernel

heart of the operation systems that control the most critical process

Secondary Storage

Store large amounts of informations more permanetly than main memory

Secondary Storage characteristics

Access method, capacity, and portability

Portability

Ability of a software to be transferred to another

Backward compatibility

Key feature of the mainframe. means that new computers or software can still run older programs that were made for earlier versions.

Scalability

ability that computer has handling alot of current users smoothly

Workstations

Mainly used to support engineering and technical users that perform with heavy math computing

3D

used to make solid objects from powder or filaments

Data Center

Climate/controlled building that house computer hardware that delivers organization’s data and information services. They also have air-cooing systems to adjust to the heat created by the processors 

Thin client

Low cost. Manged computer with no internal/external attached drives for data storage. They have a limited capabilites

tier 1 and tier 2 characteristic

may be appropriate for small organizations where a business disruption of several hours to a few days would not have a serious business impact and critical activities could be managed manually without computer assistance

tier 3 and 4 

dependant on computers to manage manufacturing operations 

Green computing Main goals

1. Reduce hazardous material

2. lower power cost

3. Recycling and enable safe disposal of computers

Instruction and execution phases

Fetch instruction, decode instruction, execute instruction, and store results.

Clock Speed

Porduce a series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate

Criteria to classify data centers into four tiers?

to enable organizations to quantify and qualify their ability to provide a predictable level of performance based on expected annual downtime, fault tolerance, and power outage protection.

Multicore microprocessor

Combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so they can share the workload.

System Software

Operating systems and utility programs that manage hardware and software.

Application Software

Programs designed to perform specific user tasks (e.g., word processing, web browsing).

Nettop

inexpensive desktop for email, web and document processing

Operating Systems

Set of programs that controls a computer’s hardware and acts as an interface with application software. The activities pefform by it are managing files and system memory.

Entity

is a person, place, or thing (object) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained Student and Product 

Attribute

a property or characteristic of an entity Name or Age

Data item

the smallest piece of data a single value or field

Information

Processed or organized data that has meaning.

Knowledge

understanding or insights derived from information.

Hierarchy of data

Organzied arragement of data from its smallest unit to the largest container .data item → attribute → record → file → database

Schema

blueprint of a database

Open-source operating system

Free and distributed with a available of the source code Limit: eople need to br trained with it as well it needs to be protected. Linux and Python

4 Different objects in database

Queries, forms, report and table.

Database

Where you keep information. You can changing/inserting/retrieving/removing files in it

What makes a good database

Accessible, accurate, complete, economincal, relevant, reliable, secure, and timely and vertiable

Primary key

is a set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in that table

Foregin Key 

Is a field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table

4 commons types of business analytics

 Describe, Diagnosiyoc, predictive, prescriptive 

Characteristics of Big Data

Volume, Velocity, variety, veracity, and value 

Big Data

Describe data collections that are big and complex that traditional data management software, hardware and analysis processes can’t deal with them 

Extract, Transform, and load(ETL)

a process that takes data from different sources that it tranforms it into a format for analysis and stores it in a data container. Doesnt need a data lake but a warehouse

Why do business use ETL

Having analysis data allows people to identity important insights whole decision making in the company uses it to make organizational decisions 

NoSQL

Stores data in a non structure query —> not all database need to have structure. In simple terms this mean that if theres a new entity or attribute it doesn’t need a predefined schema because its meant to just be added. Its really good for analyzing interconnections, location, events, transactions and also. they have good greater horizontal scaling capability.

IMDB

Database management system that stores the entire database in random access memory(RAM) —> this allows faster access to data

Query

a request for data or information from a database.

SQL

the main language used to interact with databases.

DaaS

An arrangement where the database is stored on a service. 

The pros of DaaS

it reduce cost that relates to hardware, software, and staffing. it can have more or less of the capacity based on the individual changing needs

Data

Raw facts or figures without context.

Data manipulation language

is a subset of SQL, used to manage/manipulate data within tables (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

Applications software

Specific Purpose. to allow users to perform specific tasks such as playing games and/or opening documents Adobe photoshop,Spreadsheet, Google Chrome