Chapter 1.1-1.3 A brief history of Mircobiology

What is a pathogen?

Disease causing microorganism

What does an infectious disease do? List 4

• Invades susceptible host

• Spends life cycle ,

• reproduces ,

• and feeds in host

What can an infectious disease invade (host)?

Human , Animal, Plants (H.A.P)

What does microbiology study ?

Study microorganisms (microbes)

What are the types of microorganisms?

Bacteria, Archaea , Algae , Fungi , Protozoa , and Virus

Why do microbiologist group the 6 types of microorganisms into different groups?

Because to better identify and study the microorganisms that are similar

What 2 organisms are Prokaryotic

Bacteria and Archaea

What are Bacteria and Archaea made up of?

Prokaryotic cells

What microorganisms are Eukaryotic

Algae, Protozoa, and Fungi

What kind of cells are Virus made up of?

NONE. They are actually acellular

What are some characteristics of a Prokaryotic Cell?

• Simple cell structure including NO nucleus

• NO organelles

• Contain DNA

What is characteristic of a Eukaryotic cell? List 2

• Contain DNA

• All organells including nucleus

What are some characteristics of bacteria

They are unicellular

Have a cell wall

Importance of bacteria’s cell wall?

The shape is determined by the cell wall

What are the 3 most common shapes of bacteria?

Spherical

Rod

Sprial shape

What are the 3 ways bacteria obtain nutrients and energy?

• By consuming organic molcules

• Producing their own

• From inorganic molecules

Archaea characteristics

• Small

• Unicellular

• Prokaryotic

Can bacteria be found everywhere?

Yes

Can archaea live everywhere

No

Where do archaea live

Hostile environments that are extremely host , acidic , with high concentrations of salt

What are the 3 main group a of Archaea ?

• Methanogens

• Extreme thermophiles

• Extreme Halophiles

What does archaea methanogen do?

Produce methane as a waste product from their respiration

What does the extreme thermophiles archaea do?

They live in hot sulfurous water

What does the extreme halophiles archaea do ?

Live in extremely salty environments

Archaea are human pathogens and cause infectious diseases in human (T/F)

FALSE

What kind of cell is Algae made up of

Eukaryotic

Is Algae unicellular or multicellular?

BOTH

What are some example of fungi? List 3

• Yeast ,

• mushroom ,

• molds

What type of cell is Fungi

Eukaryotic

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular

BOTH

Are Fungi pathogenic

YES but to plant specifically and few to humans and animals

Are Protozoa unicellular or multicellular

Unicellular

Are Protozoa able to move around? And if so how?

Yes , by flagella and cilia

What else are Protozoa known as

They are also known as parasitic diseases

What are the 2 groups of organisms that are parasitic diseases

Protozoa and Helminths

What are parasites ?

Organisms that live inside another living organism (host)

Where do parasites obtain their nutrients?

From their living host

What are infectious diseases caused by parasites called ?

Parasitic diseases

If Heminths and Protozoa are both parasitic diseases then is Heminths considered a type of microorganism as well?

NO Heminths are NOT a microorganism

What is a Helminths?

A parasitic worm belonging to the animal kingdom

Why study Helminths with other microorganisms?

Because they still DO cause infectious diseases even thought they are not microorganisms

What does a viral particle contain ?

• A core made of DNA or RNA

• protein coat

What is viral particle?

Structure in a virus

What is the Genus name of Escherichia coli?

Escherichia

What is the species name of Escherichia coli?

coli

Who was the first to observe living microorganisms?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

What was the spontaneous Generation theory?

The belief that rotting/ spoiled food produced fruit flies

What did Louis Pasteur discover about living organisms?

That they can ONLY originate from pre- existing microorganisms

Who discovered Pasteurization ?

Louis Pasteur

What is pasteurization? And what does it accomplish?

Mild heating process and it kills bacteria that might cause spoilage and kill human pathogens

What was Robert Koch’s discovery?

That microorganisms cause infectious diseases

What is the name of the theory where microorganisms cause diseases?

The Germ Theory of Disease

Short term for Germ Theory of Disease

Germ causes disease

What is another important discovery detail about the discovery of microorganisms causing infectious diseases?

That a specific microorganism causes a specific infectious disease

What did Robert Koch study to find out that a specific microorganism causes a specific infectious disease

Anthrax

What is Anthrax?

An infectious disease of farm animals that can still affect humans

How did Koch’s postulates regulation start ?

Because after Koch discovered that a Bacteria called Bacillus anthracis causes Anthrax others were falsely claiming that the microorganisms they worked with were causes of infectious diseases

What are the 4 Koch’s postulates? In order ofc

1) The causative microorganism must be present in every individual who has the disease

2) The causative microorganism must be later isolated from the individual and shows symptoms AND cultured in the laboratory

3) When the causative microorganism grown in culture is introduced to a healthy , experimental animal , they must develop the same symptoms

4 ) Scientist must be able to re-isolate the microorganism from sick animal and prove it to be the same microorganism present in the human

Who discovered the first vaccine?

Edward Jenner

What was the first vaccine

Small pox vaccine

Epidemic disease

An infectious disease that is wide spread which many individuals of a population in a given area are infected within a short time

An epidemic disease is of a many individual of a population in a long period of time (T/F)

False, it takes a short period of time

What did Edward Jenner discover to create the first vaccine?

That infectious disease can stimulate one’s immunity

Immunity meaning

One’s ability to fight an Infectious agent or any foreign agent

What is the technique of inducing someone’s immunity to fight against certain disease

Vaccination or Immunization

What is the actual agent used to induce someone’s immunity called

The vaccine

What did Alexander Fleming discover?

The first antibiotic

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Alexander Fleming

Who was the first to observe living microorganisms?

Antione van Leeuwenhoek

What are Antibiotics actually?

A chemical drug that is used to treat bacterial infections only

What was the clear area around the mold discovered when Alexander Fleming inoculated? And why did it create the discovery of antibiotics?

It was Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and it showed on the agar plate that it inhibited the growth of bacteria

What was the the mold later Identified as

A fungus belonging to genus Penicillium

What was the inhibitory chemical produced by the fungus

Penicillin

What are 3 ways human use beneficial microorganisms?

Industrial , Agricultural , and Environmental

What are the 2 ways humans use beneficial microorganisms in Industrial Microbiology?

Food industry , Vitamin industry , and Antibiotic industry

What is Lactic Acid ? And what is it able to do?

They are beneficial bacteria that are able to ferment sugars to produce acid (lactic acid) in absence of oxygen

What is the process called where beneficial bacteria that are able to ferment sugars to produce acid (lactic acid) in absence of oxygen

Lactic Acid Fermentation

What is fermentation ?

A metabolic process where sugar can be converted in the absence of oxygen to different end products depending on the type of fermentation

List 2 examples of Lactic acid bacteria being used in the Food industry to preserve food

Pickles by fermenting the natural sugar in cucumbers and produce lactic acid making them sour which also preserves them

And Sauerkraut with lactic acid contributing to the sour taste and preserving them

What is another important factor in the Food industry?

Yeast

How is yeast used in the food industry and how does it work ?

Yeast is used to ferment sugar and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen

What is the process caller when sugar is fermented and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen

Alcohol Fermentation

What are the 2 types of vitamins?

Natural and Synthetic

Some Natural vitamins are obtained from fruits , vegetables, nuts, fish oil , etc.

But also made in Lab (T/F)

TRUE!

What Natural Vitamins are made in Lab?

Vitamin C, B2, B12

What is Antibiotic used to treat?

Bacterial infections diseases ONLY

2 types of Antibiotics

Natural and Semisynthetic/ Synthetic

How are Natural Antibiotics produced?

By certain bacterial species / fungal in order to inhibit growth of other microorganisms

How are Semisynthetic/ Synthetic Antibiotics produced?

By Chemist in Lab

What is the 2 ways Agriculture microbiology used ?

Insecticides and in the Soil

What pathogen does the species of bacteria genus Bacillus belong to?

Insects pathogens

What is Bio insecticides ?

Natural insecticide produced by bacteria for pest control

What does soils fertility depend on?

The soil fertility depends on the supply of inorganic chemicals

What are some examples of inorganic chemical elements that soil fertility depends on?

Nitrogen , phosphorus, and potassium

How do beneficial microorganisms improve the soil fertility?

Because they are able to convert the organic chemicals in the soils into inorganic form

The conversation of the organic chemicals in the soils into inorganic form

Mineralization

What is the Sewage treatment ?

The use of beneficial microbes in recycling water

Does Sewage include both human and chemical waste? (T/F)

TRUE

What doe human and chemical waste both contain?

Organic molecules that can both be bio hazardous

What is the use of Environmental microbiology and Sewage treatment?

Beneficial microbes are able to oxidize (break down) to able to recycle water by removing most of the organic chemicals from sewage during the treatment and produce carbon dioxide and water