western civ, exam 3

vikings

manorialism

economic system that supported feudalism

manor

the house that held the lord and his family

feudalism

1 person rule, people would come to him and say they will pledge their loyalty to him in exchange for something, typically land

feif

“fee" in exchange for protection (what knights had to give)

Vassal

a person who held land from a lord in exchange for their loyalty

vassalage

where the lord or vassal gives land to people in exchange for their loyalty

three field system

3 sections of a field, one this is not planed and left “fallow“

Fairs of Champagne

they held trade fairs here, the north brought furs, woolen cloths and timber while the South brought silk, and spices (luxury item)

Medieval cities

they started to use roman cities, they traded with the east 

guilds

apprentice - learn trade from someone

journeymen - go work for another shop

masters - create “master piece” they get judged and if they pass then they can become a master

Clunaic Reform

recovery after 1050, reinvigorates monastic ideal (reestablish church),

reform of the papacy (part of Clunaic reform)

papal curia - pope chose cardnals cardinals elect pope

college of the cardinals (Bishop with title, election of the pope)

church administration (clear structure)

Pope Gregory VII

he told King Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire that he alone has the power, the pope excommunicated the king and then they king had to go to the popele and beg him to undo it. win for the church

sacraments

7 sacraments of christianity

relics

things that “gives special grace” from saints presence

The Investitive Controversy

Pope Gregory excommunicates the emperor of the holy roman empire

cam up with, church elects bishop but the bishop promises loyalty to the secular leader

Pope Innocent III

“the papal power gets the splendor of its dignity from the papal authority” (the kings gets his power from the pope)

holds the 4th Lateran Council 1215, come up with beliefs of the church 

Franciscans

members of a religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi (gives up wealth and becomes a walking monk), known for their commitment to poverty, service, and reverence for creation

first crusade

1095, Muslims held Jerusalem but the church wanted it back in the church

Anglo-Saxons

the kings after Romans (harold)

William Duke of Normandy

claimed he was the rightful king

battle of hastings

the last successful invasion of England, William and Harold fight, stabbed in they eye

Doomsday book

record of possessions of Anglo-Saxons (what her has the rights to)

Henry II

married Eleanor of Aquitaine so he could control parts of France, had an exchequer (a person that was responsible for tax collection)

St. Thomas Beckett

Archbishop of Canterbury, Henry tries to judge pope by law (they fight) and he gets murdered by henry’s knights

Magna Carta

the great charter (demand from nobility) nobility revolts against king John

Parliament

House of Lords (upper)

House of Commons (Lower)

King Edward I

starts parliament, calls for representatives

Exchequer

tax collector

common law

kings court, henry tried to judge popes by law

Philip IV

found a way to talk to different groups of people through the estate general 

Estate General

advisory body of monarchy (the church, nobility and commoners)

Fredrick II

very cruel ruler, wrote a book on training falcons

Scholasticism

St. Thomas Aquinas

Cathedral schools

schools that came first and thought in cathedrals

Medieval universities

originates in this time, 80 by the 1200’s

Trivium

3 subjects, grammer, rhetoric and logic

Quadrivium

4 subjects, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music

Avicenna

Averroes

the commentator, Muslim philosopher in Spain, translated Aristotle to Arabic and Spanish

St. Thomas Aquinas

wrote Somma Theologica (summery of theological knowledge) used the dialectical method to write book

Peter Abelard

famous professor, started to tutor Heloise, started to have an affair, she got pregnant secretly married, he got castrated (sic et non)

Sic et Non

takes 1 pov and the opposite pov and tries to reconcile them

Romanesque

style of architecture that flourished