Social Development Flashcards

Flashcards about social development in infants and children.

Infant Visual Preferences

Infants prefer looking at faces and their internal features, especially their caregivers' faces, and enjoy high contrast objects.

Infant Auditory Preferences

Infants prefer sounds they heard prenatally, high-pitched sounds, exaggerated concrete sounds, and their native language's rhythm.

Infant Olfactory Preferences

Infants prefer and recognize their mother's smell, which creates bonding.

Infant Tactile Capacities

Touch has soothing effects on infants, and they prefer skin-on-skin contact.

Still Face Paradigm

An experimental paradigm where a parent interacts normally with a baby and then suddenly stops responding, causing the baby distress.

Temperament

Biologically based style of reacting emotionally and behaviorally to the environment.

Categorical Approach to Temperament

Classifies infants into categories like easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

Continuous Approach to Temperament

Approach to temperament assessment focuses on effortful control, negative affectivity, and surgency/extraversion.

Effortful Control

The ability to regulate attention and inhibit impulses.

Attachment

A strong emotional relationship that forms between infant and caregiver in the second half of the child’s first year.

Preattachment Phase

The first phase of attachment (0-2 months), characterized by indiscriminate social responsiveness.

Attachment in the Making Phase

The second phase of attachment (2-7 months), characterized by recognition of familiar people.

Clear Cut Attachment Phase

The third phase of attachment (7-24 months), characterized by separation protest and stranger wariness.

Goal Corrected Partnership Phase

The fourth phase of attachment (24+ months), characterized by understanding parents' needs and a two-sided relationship.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Seperation anxiety

Distress shown by infants when separated from their primary caregiver.

Secure Base

Using the caregiver as a source of security from which the infant can explore the environment.

Secure Attachment (Type B)

Attachment type where the child uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration; upset at separation, seeks comfort at reunion.

Insecure Avoidant Attachment (Type A)

Attachment type where the child may not show distress at separation and avoids the caregiver at reunion.

Insecure Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment (Type C)

Attachment type where the child is very distressed by separation and shows anger or resistance at reunion.

Strange Situation

A procedure involving a series of separations and reunions with a caregiver used to assess attachment type.

Internal Working Models

Mental representations of the self, parents, and the nature of interactions with parents that guide future relationships.

Positive Internal

Early secure attachments lead to these working models.

Negative Internal

Early insecure attachments lead to these working models

Preattachment (0-2 months)

The first two months of life, where infants show indiscriminate social responsiveness.

Attachment-in-the-making (2-7 months)

Between 2 and 7 months, where infants prefer familiar caregivers and show social smiling.

Clear-cut attachment (7-24 months)

Between 7 and 24 months, where infants show separation anxiety, stranger wariness and use caregivers as a secure base.

Goal-corrected partnership (24+ months)

24+ months, begins understanding caregiver’s intentions and adjusts behavior accordingly.

Secure (Type B)

In secure attachment, the child is upset at separation, seeks comfort and is easily soothed at reunion. Uses caregiver as secure base for exploration.

Insecure-Avoidant (Type A)

In Insecure-Avoidant attachment, the child may not show distress when caregiver leaves. Child avoids caregiver at reunion; shows little interest.

Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant (Type C)

In Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant, the child is very distressed by separation. Child seeks contact but is angry or resists comfort upon return.

Bowlby

Proposed that children develop internal working models of relationships based on early interactions with caregivers. The self, parents, relationship with them.

Oxytocin

Increased in this hormone creates bonding among the child and father, also the father experience low testosterone level which make the father more sympathetic and responsive

Stable caregiving

Consistency over a duration of time creates this, which influences secure attachment and future relationship development

Harlow's Monkeys

These monkeys consistently preferred the cloth mother that offered comfort over the wire mother with food, showing that the need for emotional security can outweigh even basic drives like hunger.

Indiscriminate social responsiveness

An infant’s indiscriminate social responsiveness means they don’t prefer just anyone, they can't tell the difference between mom or stranger.

Preference for caregiver

Refers to an infant showing preference to the caregivers holding them, knowing the difference between a stranger vs mom

Clear cut attachment (7-24 months)

Is where an infant grows separation protest (upset when mother is separated), stranger wariness (scared of unfamiliar people), intentional communication.

Goal corrected partnership (24 months and above)

understanding parents needs (mom has to go clean kitchen but will be right back), relationship is two sided (mutual understanding)

Object permanence (piaget)

cognitive ability knowing an object/person still exist even if the infant can’t perceive it

synchrony between a child and caregiver

knowing that mother is there even the the child might not be able to see visually their mother right away

secure base

a safety zone a child can explore the environment knowing they can go back to this zone for comfort

Strange Situation (Ainsworth)

Parent and child separated and reunited and the nature and quality of a parent-infant attachment relationship is assessed

internal working models of relationships

guides children’s expectations and behaviors in future relationships (friendships, romantic partners, future kids).

Secure early attachments

better emotional regulation, empathy, and social competence.

Insecure attachments

higher risk for anxiety, withdrawal, or aggression in social contexts.

earned secure

adults break cycles

Hormonal shifts with a child

increased in oxytocin creates bonding among the child and father

Changes in attachment

attachment can go either way yes but it actually more common for insecure child to become secure because there is a sense of stable caregiving

cloth mother

offered comfort over the wire mother with food, showing that the need for emotional security can outweigh even basic drives like hunger

Back & Forth Interactions

When parent doesn't give this turn taking and is just having no interact the baby will get upset and try to get the mom back to these interact (crying, pointing, trying to grab her)