Nutrition Studying

Populations at the greatest risk of food borne illness

Infants, children, older adults, liver disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, cancer, surgery, pregnant women, immunocompromised

Why is foodborne illness so common?

It is easily transported in foods we commonly eat, Outsourced food production (imports), Increased antibiotics in animal feeds, Increased use of meds that compromise immunity, More people in susceptible populations

Most common pathogens associated with foodborne illness that CAUSE ILLNESS

norovirus, salmonella, staph aureus, clostridium perfringens, campylobacter

Most common pathogens associated with foodborne illness that CAN CAUSE DEATH

salmonella, toxoplasma gondii, listeria, norovirus, campylobacter

Common signs and symptoms of foodborne illness

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea (may be bloody), low grade fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches

Foodborne pathway

bacteria in food directly invades the intestinal wall

What are the 3 pathways that pathogens can cause foodborne illness?

Foodborne,toxin-mediated infection, foodborne intoxication

Toxin-mediated pathway

bacteria in food produces harmful toxins as they colonize the GI tract

Foodborne intoxication

bacteria from food secrete a toxin into food before it is eaten, which causes harm to humans after the food is ingested

Items recommended by the USDA to prevent foodborne illness

Wash hands and all produce, Clean utensils and cooking surfaces, Cook food to destroy pathogens, Eat food right after cooking, Avoid contact between raw and cooked foods, Refrigerate leftovers within two hours

Food insecurity

the state of being without reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

What are the types of malnutrition?

Undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies/hidden hunger, over nutrition, and diet-related incommunicable disease

What are the two types of undernutrition?

Child stunting and wasting

Child stunting

failure of a child to reach their full growth potential

Wasting

low weight for height (thinness) that typically indicates a recent or severe weight loss, often associated with acute starvation or severe disease

Most common micronutrient deficiencies

zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B, iodine, and iron

What are the two types of over nutrition?

Overweight and obesity

Overweight

having a body weight that is above what is considered healthy for a person's height (BMI 25-29.9)

Obesity

having a body weight that is far above what is considered healthy for a person's height (BMI 30 and above)

Four pillars of food security

Availability, access, utilization, stability

Factors involved in availability

domestic production, import capacity, food stocks, food aid

Factors involved in access

purchasing power (impacted by income of population), transport and market infrastructure

Factors involved in utilization

food safety/hygiene practices, manufacturing practices, dietary quality and diversity

Factors involved in stability

weather variability, price fluctuations, political factors, economic factors

Effects of chronic hunger

Decreased or impaired concentration, energy, strength, immunity, infant birth weights, learning and development, mental health, productivity

Effects of malnutrition

Impaired ability to work and learn, Lowered ability to reproduce, Slower recovery from illness, Biochemical changes, Eventual nutrient deficiencies (most commonly iron and zinc, which can lead to weakened immune function, Eventual symptoms of deficiency (stunting, blindness, etc)

Characteristics of famine

Large-scale loss of life, Climate change, Social disruption, Economic chaos, Political conflicts, Potential crop failure from climate, war/conflict

Nutrients of concern during pregnancy

Folate, iron, calcium, vitamin D, DHA/omega-3 fatty acids, iodine

Why is folate/folic aid important during pregnancy?

Prevents neural tube defects

Why is iron important during pregnancy?

Helps make more blood to carry oxygen

Why is calcium important during pregnancy?

Development of bones, teeth, heart, muscles, and nerves

Why is vitamin D important during pregnancy?

Helps with calcium absorption

Why is DHA/omega-3 fatty acids important during pregnancy?

Development of eyes and brain

Why is iodine important during pregnancy?

Nervous system development

Breastfeeding nutrients of concern

DHA/omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin K

Should you continue taking prenatal vitamins during breastfeeding?

Yes

Breastfeeding calorie needs

450-500 more calories per day

Breastfeeding protein needs

71 grams per day

Breastfeeding fluid needs

96 oz non-caffeinated fluid per day, Limit caffeine to 300 mg per day

Avoid during breastfeeding

Tobacco, marijuana, illicit drugs, alcohol

Benefits of breastfeeding for infant

lowered risk of diseases/stronger immune system, easy to digest, antibodies to boost immunity, promotes healthy development and weight gain, naturally soothe baby

Benefits of breastfeeding for mother

lowered risk of postpartum depression, lower risk of developing various diseases, faster recovery from birth, physical and emotional bonding, convenience, low cost

AAP recommendations for breastfeeding practices

exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months, breastfeeding with complementary foods to 2 years or longer

WHO recommendations for breastfeeding practices

exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of life, breastfeeding with complementary foods to 2 years or longer

Ways to prevent lead poisoning during childhood/adolescence

be careful of contaminated drinking water, inhaling lead dust, and contaminated supplements

How to prevent iron deficiency during childhood/adulthood

provide foods that are food sources of iron such as lean meats, whole grains, enriched cereals

Consequences of iron-deficiency anemia

can cause decreased stamina/learning abilities and low oxygen supply to cells

When may low iron stores or IDA occur in adolescents?

During growth spurts

How to get enough calcium and vitamin D during adolescence

3 servings of dairy or alternative calcium source (almonds, legumes, green veggies, fortified foods) per day

Basics of a healthy diet

Vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy, lean meats, whole grains

Consequences of excessive caffeine intake in adolescence

Abnormal neurological and cardiovascular function, sleep issues

Consequences of excessive alcohol intake in adolescence

reduced brain mass in decision-making and memory areas, increased chance of abuse in adulthood, consequences to liver/brain/cardiovascular system

Nutrient concerns for vegetarian adolescents

Vitamin B-12, calcium, vitamin D, protein, and iron

How does protein intake change in older adulthood?

should consume more than RDA for better muscle mass and function

How does fat intake change in older adulthood?

Should reduce fat intake

How does carb intake change in older adulthood?

eat complex carbs to improve blood glucose control

How does fiber intake change in older adulthood?

increase fiber because it reduces risk of cancers, heart disease, high blood cholesterol, constipation, and coronary artery disease

For what nutrients does the RDA increase after age 70?

Vitamin D and calcium

For what nutrients does absorption decrease with age?

Vitamins B6, B9, and B2

Consequences of low iron in older adults

can cause blood loss, ulcers, hemorrhoids

Consequences of low zinc in older adults

can cause lower taste sensation and impaired immunity

Consequences of low magnesium in older adults

can cause bone loss, weakness, and mental confusion

Consequences of low vitamin E in older adults

can cause low antioxidants and risk of cell damage

Consequences of low carotenoids in older adults

can cause increased risk of cataracts and macular degeneration

Consequences of low phytochemicals in older adults

less protection against a variety of age-related diseases

Supplements may be needed for what nutrients in older adulthood?

Vitamin D, calcium, vitamin B12

Physiologic changes during older adulthood that may have an impact on nutrition

Estimated calorie needs decrease with age, Loss of lean muscle mass, Lowered basal metabolic rate, Health and functional limitations, Reduced physical activity

Two methods of screening for malnutrition in older adults

Malnutrition screening tool and mini nutritional assessment

Malnutrition Screening Tool

Sample questions include

Mini Nutritional Assessment

More comprehensive, Includes assessment of risk, psychosocial factors, physical assessment, food intake, and patient perceptions

Reducing risk of osteoporosis

Consume adequate vitamin D and calcium

Reducing risk of cardiovascular disease

Limit caffeine and alcohol intake, Physical activity important, Manage BMI, Diet should be rich in veggies, fruits, LEAN meats, low-fat dairy, and whole grains

Reducing risk of hypertension

Limit alcohol and caffeine intake, Manage BMI, Physical activity important, Quit smoking, Limit sodium, trans and saturated fats, processed foods, and sugar, Manage stress, Diet should be rich in veggies, fruits, LEAN meats, low-fat dairy, and whole grains

Reducing risk of obesity

Be mindful of portion sizes, Physical activity important, Manage BMI, Diet should be rich in veggies, fruits, LEAN meats, low-fat dairy, and whole grains