APUSH UNIT 5

unit 5

Cult of Honor

A set of beliefs, associated with white southern males of the nineteenth century, that emphasized respect, reputation, and the protection of women.

Peculiar institution

Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty.

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879) "The Liberator"

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, "The North Star".

Prigg vs. Pennsylvania

1842: Court ruled return of fugitive slaves was a federal power, thus making unconstitutional Pennsylvania's law prohibiting the capture and return of fugitive slaves.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was justified

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

James K. Polk

President in 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Wilmot Proviso

1846 failed proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Popular Sovereignty

to Rule by the people

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing the expansion of slavery in newly acquired territories

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Personal liberty laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

What was the outcome of the Compromise of 1850 regarding California?

California was admitted as a free state.

What was established in Utah and New Mexico as part of the Compromise of 1850?

Territorial status and popular sovereignty.

What issue was resolved concerning Texas in the Compromise of 1850?

Resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries.

What financial responsibility did the federal government assume in the Compromise of 1850?

Federal assumption of Texas debt.

What change regarding slavery occurred in Washington D.C. due to the Compromise of 1850?

The slave trade was abolished in D.C.

Which new law was introduced as part of the Compromise of 1850?

A new fugitive slave law.

Who advocated for the Compromise of 1850?

Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

The Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

The Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

Congressional Reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Edwin M. Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Convict-leasing system

a system whereby private businesses paid the state a fixed annual fee for control of inmates

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Forty acres and a mule

failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule to plow with

Sharecroppers

people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members

Klu Klux Klan

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South after the Civil War.

Enforcement (or "Klan") Acts

criminal codes that protected blacks' right to vote, hold office, serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. If the states failed to act, the laws allowed the federal government to intervene

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by over speculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Social Darwinism

Belief in survival of the fittest in society.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

National Greenback Party

Party that arose out of a desire for paper money, not successful in gaining widespread support, kept money issue alive

Seward's Ice Box / Seward's Folly

Name that was mockingly given to the purchase of Alaska.

Rutherford B. Hays

Republican candidate who won the presidential election of 1876 withdrew union soldiers from south, attacked spoils system

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Redeemers or Bourbons

Southern politicians who were collectively known as Redeemers by their supporters, because they supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination after the Civil War and a purely rural economy, or Bourbons by their opponents, who believed they were reactionaries rather than progressives.

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching

Civil Rights Cases

A series of 1883 Supreme Court decisions that struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, rolling back key Reconstruction laws and paving the way for later decisions that sanctioned segregation.

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Poll Tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Literacy Requirement

Candidate must be able to read and write.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

The Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Pottawattamie Massacre

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

Slave Power Conspiracy

The concept that the South was trying to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus trying to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the South

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Dred-Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Harpers' Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Homestead Act 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

New York Draft riots

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Ex Parte Merryman

1861 Chief Justice Taney ruled that Lincoln had exceeded his authority in suspending the writ habeas corpus in Maryland. -Lincoln ignored Taney's ruling, argued that the constitution allowed this suspension in a time of rebellion

George B. McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Lost Cause Myth

Idealized version of Southern culture; black slaves were happy to be slaves, they were never mistreated. Blacks wanting rights was offensive, outrageous, and a challenge to white supremacy.

Freedman's Bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

1. amnesty to all but few southerners who took oath of loyalty 2. 10% percent of state voters (1860 elect.) taken oath could organize state gov. 3. members of conf. gov officers of army, former federal judges, members of congress could not receive amnesty

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Iron-Clad Oath

Oath to be taken by southerners to testify that they had never voluntarily aided or abetted the rebellion

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.