US1H Midterm

Colonial Era Town Meetings

Meetings called on if there was a problem or dilemma that needed to be resolved. This was used as a result of salutary neglect

House of Burgesses

Assembly of elected officials, first democratically elected body in America, signs of seperation from English rule, justified land theft from native americans.

Stamp act

Stamp act was an act imposed by the British Parliament upon the colonists. The Stamp act heavily taxed the colonists although only being barely involved in the 7 years war.

Articles of Confederation

Document which gave the individual states more power than the federal government. Bound the states together, making them stronger still with free will

US Constitution

Established 3 government branches to ensure a separation of powers (checks and balances in order to avoid imbalance) and established laws which government still abides by today.

27 amendments

Began with 12 adaments written by James Madison, 15 others have been written since.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, inspired by Jefferson and drafted by Madison. Federalists were opposed to including it, anti

Checks and balances

A system implemented by the founding fathers at the constitutional convention to ensure that no branch of government has significantly more power than the others. It was proposed as a safeguard to prevent any one tyrannical actions and any kings

Shay's rebellion

Armed uprising led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786

Implied powers

Abilities granted to government that were not directly stated within the confines of the original constitution

Expressed powers

Abilities granted to the US government taken from the constitution

George Washington's Farewell Address

Washington warned America against dangers of political parties, wishes America to stay neutral in foreign conflicts. and was tired of the burdens of presidency and attacks from political foes.

No taxation without representation

Reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament. Protests throughout the colonies occurred, which threatened tax collectors Eventually, the Stamp Act Congress declared that the English Crown had no right to tax the colonies if they were to not have representation in British Parliament.

Mayflower compact

The first example of government in the New World. Used to stop any future rebellions from happening. First government document for the Plymouth Colony. Signed by 41 male colonists on November 11, 1620. It was essentially an agreement amongst the Pilgrims in Plymouth to talk and work together on laws for the colony to ensure success

Thomas Paine's "common sense"

After the Battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, Paine concluded that the colonies should aim for full independence. His beliefs influenced and persuaded the American Revolution and the mindset of being a patriot to the colonies and leaving Britain for full independence.

Ideas in "common sense"

Why would colonists pay GB for all the work that they do. Colonies could become a great power if they abandon their colonial power (GB).

Some may say that America has flourished under GB in the past so they will need GB in the future, but colonists believe that this is the farthest from the truth.

GB only kept the colonists/ America for their own interests → they did not protect America from their enemies rather they used America to protect themselves from their own enemies. GB being a parent is invalid →parents would not call war own their children.

Questioning how GB has helped America grow in any way, no advantages are gained by staying connected to GB

America is geographically bigger than GB, it does not make sense that the island of GB ruling the continent of America

American colonial boycotts

On 20 November 1767, ( ) took effect in America. Colonists must now pay duties on glass, paper, lead, paint, and tea imported from Britain. The existing non

Peter Zenger Trial

Newspaper publisher; put on trial for criticizing the government; established precedence that government can be criticized if accusations are true. Freedom of the press.

Ordinance of 1785

Passed under articles of confederation, laid out process by which lands west of Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold.

Proclamation of 1763

A British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide. Prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War.

Bacon's rebellion

Conflict between past indentured servants and plantation owners. Plantation owners were the only voters in the community while the piedmont farmers were forced to fight indians for land and paid high taxes. Fought over voting rights. Uprising was unsuccessful and led to popular use of slaves rather than indentured servants.

Civic virtue

The democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of citizenship in a free society

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. This war raised taxes upon the colonies, which they rebelled against.

The Ohio River Valley

Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

What was the main impact of the French and Indian War?

New colonies in the Americas founded by royal charters owned by England.

Albany plan of union

Benjamin Franklin propoes that the colonies unite to form a federal government. Turned down by British government

Pontiac's war

A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party. Created monopoly so British East India Company could raise prices

Indentured sevants

Free after service term-allowed to own property and marry after a term of service. A person who voluntarily sold his or her labor for a set period of time in order to gain passage to America.

Triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. 10-15% of slaves died

Indentured servants became burdensome, more opportunities for poor englishmen, the evolution of racism

Why did slaves become mainly used instead of indentured servants in the colonies?

What was the result of Bacon's rebellion?

Bacon died during revolt of disease

Uprising collapsed

Yet fear of servant unrest encouraged planters to replace white indentured servants with black slaves

1660: there were fewer than a thousand slaves in VA & MD

1680s: number tripled, rising from about 4,500 to 12,000.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

French fur traders

French explorer Jacques Cartier in his three voyages into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 1530s and 1540s conducted some of the earliest fur trading between European and First Nations peoples associated with 16th century and later explorations in North America.

Colony of Jamestown

1st permanent English colony in New World \n It took three attempts to establish a colony in North America

Starving time in Jamestown

The winter of 1609-1610. Food shortages, weak leadership, and attacks by the Powhatan killed two out of every three colonists. Survivors experienced diseases like dysentery and typhoid.

Massachuessets Bay Colony

Population of PUritan people across Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Connecticut

Pilgrims

Separatists who broke with the Anglican Church in England

Puritans

More radical of the pilgrims. They were protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Chruch to all of Catolic Rituals and Traditions.

Quakers

The Society of Friends - English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Inner light

The Quaker concept that god is reflected from out of each person in different ways.

Two main reasons people went to the Americas:

Wealth and Religious Freedom

The Great Migration

1620-1630: Economic downturn in England where King Charles raised taxes and dissolved the English legislature.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Adam smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism and came up with the mercantile system.

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

What 6 states made up New Netherland?

New york, new jersey, pennsylvania, maryland, connecticut, delaware

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutionary War. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and ( ) was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Washington Crossing the Delaware

December 25th, 1776 - George Washington and his soldiers completed a surprise attack on the Hessians

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Battle of Trenton

Washington crossed the river and had a 10 mile march to attack the Hessians. British force surrendered after devastating casualties. Helped colonists gain control of NJ. Major turning point toward colonial victory. Easy triumph encouraged exhausted soldiers

Winter at Morristown

January 1777 - Brutal winter that the Continental army, making camp in Morristown, NJ

Winter at Valley Forge

Thousands of soldiers and hundreds of women/children marched into Valley Forge and constructed the fourth largest city (at the time). Army's home until May, 1778. Took basic army training and matured as a whole.

Battle of Princeton

1777 - Washington and his army made it to Princeton from Trenton. General Cornwallis believed that Washington would eventually leave. The Continental Army then snuck through the side of a British camp for a sneak attack

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution which won the Continental Army the New England States

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Exceptionalism

The theory that a nation is distinct from and superior to other nations. Used to describe the historic belief that America is separate and unique, and a moral guide for other nations.

City Upon a Hill

Name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by John Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

John Winthrop

Founder and governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (2nd settlement after Plymouth). Was a puritan and part of the great migration.

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Congregationalism

Before the Great Awakening, one of the two established religions in the colonies which was primarily found with Puritans in New England.

Anglicanism

Another religion in the colonies which was largely found in New York and the Southern Colonies. Same religion as England at the time.

The Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the colonies that stated anyone could be converted and born again and you don't' need church leadership to decide whether or not you belong.

Individualism

The idea of freedom of actions, self-reliant

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening. Believed that every truly religious person needs to experience a rebirth in Jesus

Breadbasket Colonies

Another name for the Middle Colonies because of their exporting of grains

Salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Thomas Whately

Defended British rights to tax colonies, saying that the colonists had "virtual representation" (every member in Parliament was there to represent the whole empire). He also said that though the colonists were not actually represented in the house of Commons (they could not vote for representatives), neither could most British subjects at home.

Dunmore proclamation

Promised freedom to any runaway slave who joined the British army. Many slaves:


1. were sold
2. were abducted
3. ran away of own free will

Daniel Shay

a poor farmer and Revolutionary War veteran

Navigation acts

Acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods.

Judicial review

The best-known power of the Supreme Court is judicial review, or the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution

Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States 1791

Congress had the power to make laws implied, though not explicitly expressed, in the U.S. Constitution. The bill passed the House by a vote of 39-20 on February 8, 1791

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Drafted in secret by future Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.