APYSCH 心理学（二課）

May Mrs. Patton, in her future endeavors, find herself ensnared by the unyielding grasp of misfortune, her path forever shrouded in a dismal cloud of adversity. Let hardship become her steadfast companion, a relentless force that haunts every step she takes. May the winds of ill luck blow ceaselessly in her direction, casting a perpetual shadow over her pursuits. Each venture she dares to undertake shall be cloaked in a foreboding shroud of difficulty and dismay, like a labyrinth of trials and tribulations from which there is no escape. The fates themselves conspire against her, weaving a tapestry of challenges and setbacks into the fabric of her existence. Above, the stars foretell a future fraught with nothing but adversity, and the shadows of misfortune cast a long and enduring presence over all her forthcoming ventures, as if a curse has been cast upon her very path in life. (i stole this from someone else. not gonna delete this tho...) みんなさん、助けてください。

action potential

occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body

resting potential

the fluid outside an axon’s membrane has mostly positively charged ions; a resting axon fluid interior has mostly negatively charged ions. This positive/negative inside state is called the

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

excitatory impulse

signals that push a neuron’s accelerator

threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the ______ gap or ______ cleft.

neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neurons.

sensory neurons (afferent)

Carry info from the senses to the brain and spinal cord

motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

somatosensory/sensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

pituitary gland

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. NO SMELL

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that contains the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic nervous division arouses, its parasympathetic nervous system calms

plasticity

The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

lateralization

describes the concept that some brain functions are specialized to either the right or left side of the human brain

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

frontal lobe

higher level mental functions like planning and decision making; portion of cerebral cortex lying just behind forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgment

parietal lobe

responsible for touch/tactile/feeling; portion of cerebral cortex lying at stop of head and toward the rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position

temporal lobe

holds the auditory cortex/processes speech sounds/also may be involved in long term memory; portion of cerebral cortex lying roughly above ears; includes auditory areas primarily from opposite ear

occipital lobe

concerned with vision/reviews info and relays it to visual cortex/Divides up incoming visual input and sends it to separate areas to process color, shape etc.

neural networks

the brains neurons cluster into work groups.

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness and arousal

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons, they may also play a role in learning and thinking

limbic system

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature). Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

amygdala

two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion

reticular formation

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in arousal (alertness & attentiveness)

cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres, the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

medulla

the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing

thalamus

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

left side of brain

helps you find speech sounds

inhibitory impulse

signals that stop a neuron accelerator

dendrites

Branch-like structures on a neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons. They play a crucial role in transmitting information towards the cell body, where the signals are integrated. Are covered in synapses, specialized structures that allow for communication between neurons.

soma

The central part of a neuron, containing the nucleus and other organelles. It is responsible for maintaining the cell's metabolic functions and integrating incoming signals.

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

EEG

Electroencephalogram; An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

CT scan

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

PET scan

positron emission tomography; a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging; a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Axons

Carry impulses away from the cell body

myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

inhibition

a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way

Agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

Antagonist

Does not mimic neurochemicals and blocks neural pathways

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Thyroid

regulates metabolism

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

Prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces

feature receptors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

hemispheric specialization

The control of distinct neurological functions by the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.- if broken, speech is disrupted

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Gazzinga

Did split brain research

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Noniceptors

sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage; processes conscious memories

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Deals with voluntary movement, muscle memory, and balance

Pons

part of the brain stem that is responsible for dreaming and sleep

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

limbic system

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction, associated with Alzheimer's

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

d

"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging; A non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. It provides detailed images of brain structures and can identify regions that are active during specific tasks or cognitive processes. MOST DETAILED STRUCTURAL VIEW

Axon

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates all of the body's activities

Amygdala

Concerned with emotions, especially anger & aggression

Afferent neurons

AKA sensory neurons

Efferent neurons

AKA motor neurons

Cell body

Carries the cell's nucleus and sorts through the neuron's messages

Myelin sheath

Insulates and protects the cell

Sensory cortex

Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Neural networks

Neural clusters in brain

Wernicke's area

a brain area involved in language comprehension (speaking & listening)

Interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Inhibitory impulse

Neuron's brake

Corpus callosum

Band of neural fibers that connect both brain hemispheres

all or none response

a neuron’s response of either firing or not firing at all

nerve

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

neural network

brain neuron cluster of work groups

reflex

simple, automatic response to sensory stimulus, such as knee-jerk reaction