Cue cards chapter 5

Evolution

Trace fossils

footprints, fingerprints, burrows

Where do fossils typically form

limestone and shale in stratas

Heritable characteristics

characteristics that an organism possess due to its genetic makeup which are passed onto offspring

Macroevolution

Occurs on a large scale leading to the development of a new species

Natural selection

Occurs when a species has variation and certain traits are selected because they help the species to reach a reproductive age and pass on their genes

Selective/Artifical breeding

organism with certain characteristics are chosen by humans for some benefit

How do domesticated animals illustrate that artificial selection can cause evolution (4 points.)

The original bloodline comes from wolf-like animals. Docile wolves were accepted by humans and fed on their scraps. Allowed them to survive and reproduce, possessing on the gene. They were then bred for traits benefiting humans.

Breed

group of animals within a species with specific and similar characteristics

Microevolution

occurs on a small scale within a species

Transitional fossils

show links between species

Homologues structures

similar structures but not function

Analogus structures

Different structures but similar function

Pentadactyl limb

limb with 5 digits

Divergent evolution

when two seperate species have similar structure but use it in different ways because of their environment

Adaptive radiation

Organisms rapidly diverge from the original species into a new form to make use of different environments

Covergent evolution

When organisms that are not closely related evolve similar structures used for similar purposes

Discontinuous variation

influenced by few genes, not the environment

Continuous variation

influenced by many genes and the environment

Speciation

Process by which new species form

Speciation steps (3 steps ITR)

Isolation of populations. Trait deviation. Reproductive isolation meaning any offspring produced are infertile.

What darkened the trees in the industrial revolution

sulfur dioxide and soot

Is the dark or light allele dominant

dark

what is the moths colour pigment

melanin

is lichen light or dark

light

Industrial melanism

change in melanin production due to environmental pressures

Transient polymorphism

unbalanced allele frequency occurring gradually

Balanced polymorphism

balanced between both forms of the alleles within a population

Cause of variation (3)

Mutation, sexual reproduction and meiosis

How does mutation affect variation

changes to DNA base sequences occur in some organisms not others

How does meiosis affect variation

produces gametes with unique allele combinations

How does sexual reproduction affect variation

combination of gametes and results in zygote with a different mix of genes

Evolution/Natural selection steps (VISTA)

Variation, Inheritance, Selection/Survival, Time, Adaption

When organisms are better adapted they (reproduction)

survive and produce more offspring

Genetic drift

change in frequency of genes in a population due to random chance

Why did the finches evolve

to adapt to different food sources

When was first report on antibiotic resistance

1972

Reasons why antibiotic resistance is so common (WOCS)

Widespread usage, Occurrence in hospitals is larger due to more selective pressure, Code on plasmids which are easily exchanged, Short generation time

Clade

group of organisms evolving from a common ancestor

Node

point where divergence occurs showing speciation

Homoplasy

convergent evolution from different lineages

What are clades usually based on

DNA base sequences or amino acid sequences

Cladogram

shows evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms

Molecular clock

technique which uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged

What type of correlation between number of differences and time they diverged form a common ancestor

positive

What part of DNA is compared to see speciation

base sequence

Why do the non-coding parts of DNA provide the most information

They are highly repetitive sequences and mutations occur more frequently

Assumptions of a cladogram (FLIMB)

Frequency of nodes is relative to closeness of relationshipBranching pattern represents evolutionary relationships

Length of branches represent time since divergence

Information for extinct species

Mutations occur at constant rate

Branching pattern represents evolutionary relationships

Outgroup

most distantly related organism

Phylogenetic tree

represents evolutionary relationships among organisms based on physical and genetic similarities and differences

Artiodactyl

hoofed animals

The best classification system is one which best represents….

evolutionary history

Species

group of organisms that are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Genus

group of species sharing common characteristics but not able to interbreed

Rules for naming something with a scientific name

Genus - capital and before species - lowercase, in italics

Dichotomous key

series of paired opposing statements to guide the user to the identity of an item/organism

order of organism classification (DKPCOFGS)

domain, kingdom , phylum , class , order , family , genus species .

Bacteria

No histones, glycerol D-form and peptidoglycan cell wall

Archaea

some species have histones, L-form of glycerol

Eukaryota

histones and D-form of glycerol

3 domains

bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

Heterotroph

gains energy by eating other organisms

Autotroph

produces energy through organic substances

Human classification

Eukaryota; Animalia; Chordata; Mammalia; Primata; Hominidae; Homo; sapiens

Rhizoids

small-root like structures helping bryophytes to attach to the soil

4 plant phyla

Angiospermophytes, Coniferophytes, Filicinophytes, Bryophytes

Chordata

phylum with a notochord