Unit 6 Gilded Age Test Review

Assimilation

To cause a person or group to become part of a different society or culture

Freedman’s Bureau

Provided clothing, food, and education to Freedmen

American Federation of Labor

The most effective labor union during the Gilded Age, specifically for skilled workers

Plessy v. Ferguson

Court case validated segregation stating “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional

Social Darwinism

Theory that argued that the best and brightest deserve to be successful

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

1877 event where railroad workers struck wage cuts during depression - the President sent in troops to end it

Eugene Debs

Co-Founder of the Industrials Workers of the World, also a Socialist Party Presidential Candidate

Sharecropping

System where farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a % of the crops

Populists

Party formed in 1892, mainly farmers - favored free silver and government control of railroads

Dawes Severalty Act

Law that promised Native Americans tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture

Chinese Exclusion Act

A law that denied any additional Chinese laborers from entering the country

Andrew Carnegie

He wrote an article describing the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists

Old Immigrants

Immigrants that came to the US before the 1800s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Northern Europe

New Immigrants

Immigrants that came to the US after the 1800s from eastern and southern Europe

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Populist leader who was a fiery public speaker on behalf of free silver and other farm issues

The Pinkertons

Private security agency used to enforce strikebreaking measures and investigate crime

Vertical Integration

Company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain

Horizontal Integration

Buy similar companies to reduce competition (used by Standard Oil/Rockefeller)

Homestead Act

Promoted settlement by offering 160 acres of free land to anyone that farmed that land

Knights of Labor

Considered to be the first attempt to create a national union but failed b/c of the Haymarket Riot

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment with open favoritism towards native-born Americans

The Grange

Organization to unite farmers on their common interests including desire to limit railroad fees

William Jennings Bryan

Populist and Democratic Presidential candidate famous for the Cross of Gold Speech

Frederick Jackson Turner

Gave a speech in 1893 claiming that the Frontier was essential to understand the American character

Mark Twain

Famous American who coined the “Gilded Age”

Jane Addams

Founded the Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, designed to aid immigrants

John D. Rockefeller

Industrialist, philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company, is the richest American

JP Morgan

American financier and industrial organizer, helped resolve the Panic of 1837

Trust

Used to manage companies

Holding Companies

Held companies that managed other companies

“Gospel of Wealth”

Argued that it is God’s will for some men to gain great wealth, written by Andrew Carnegie

Puck

Satyrical magazine

Terence V. Powderly

President, founder of the Knights of Labor

Collective Bargaining

Negotiating as a collective

Haymarket Riot

a violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago, started with anarchists throwing a bomb at the police, set off a wave of xenophobia

The American Federation of Labor

a loose organization of skilled workers that remained the sole unifying agency of the American labor movement for 50 years

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the American Federation of Labor

The Homestead Steel Strike (1892)

A violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers

The Pullman Strike of 1894

A widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the US Midwest

“Big Bill”

would kill opposers to socialist labor movement (the wobblies), violence was justified to overthrow capitalism

The Industrial Workers of the World

Also known as the “Wobblies,” wanted to abolish capitalism, popular amongst miners

Thomas Nast

Illustrator of Columbia, Democratic and Republican party symbols, Uncle Sam, Santa Claus

Management Revolution

A concept which points to the supposed shift within the modern corporation from the owner to the professional manager as the controlling figure

Gustavus Swift

Invented the assembly line, pioneered vertical integration

John Wanamaker

Pioneered department store

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Scientific Management

a program of industrial efficiency that eliminated all brain work from manual labor, but was unsuccessful

Greenback-Labor Party

protested the collapse of the Reconstruction, regulate corporations, eight hour work day, and the government to print more greenback dollars

Producerism

Dismissed middlemen, bankers, lawyers, and investors as idlers who lived off the sweat of people who worked with their hands

Granger Laws

Economic regulatory actions

Farmer’s Alliance

rural movement that started in Texas, spread across the plains states and the South, largest farmer based movement in American history

Interstate Commerce Act

created the Interstate Commerce Commission, charged with investigating interstate shipping, forcing railroads to make their rates public

Closed Shop

All jobs reserved for union workers