KNES372(World Rugby Fair Course)

what is a distracting injury

an injury that appears to be more prominent that may distract from a more serious underlying injury

what does ABC stand for

airway, breathing, circulation
if you don't have A, you can't have B or C

what are the five steps to player welfare

1. know your ABC

2. on deck, think about the neck (spine in line)

3. train to prevent injuries (no sudden changes, high risk at low risk times, balance exercises)

4. tackle concussion (no sense)

5. infection (bloody items, wash the wound, clean/cover the wound)

what are the general rules of sports first aid

1. no further harm

2. take control

3. prevent unnecessary movement

4. simple skills save lives

5. more experienced help is on the way

6. know when to do more

what is MILS

manual in line stabilisation

what should be done to prepare before a game

check for where AEDs are, know skills of others, know contact numbers or signals for help, checking equipment

what does DR ABC stand for

Danger (hazards)
Response (of the injured person)
Airway
Breathing
Circulation

what is the protocol for a suspected concussion

remove from field of play
do not leave alone
do not allow to drive a motor vehicle
same day medical review
graduated return to play protocol

what are the signs of a serious head injury

same as concussion
prolonged loss of consciousness
seizures
"talk and die"
panda eyes/bruising behind ears

what is involved in seizure management

take control
ensure ambulance is on its way
move all dangerous objects away from the casualty
assess for DR ABC and maintain open airway until help arrives

what are the SCAT 5 memory function questions

what venue are we at today
what half is it now
who scored last in this match
what team did you play last week/game
did your team win the last game

what are the differences between jaw thrust and head tilt/chin lift

jaw thrust-lift jaw forwards to move the tongue from blocking the throat (used for head and neck injury because it minimizes movement)
head tilt/chin lift-hand on the forehead and two fingers lift chin moves tongue from blocking the airway, look into mouth and assess (involves a lot of movement)

what is the Haines maneuver and when is it used

High Arm In Endangered Spine
emergency roll over procedure that allows liquid to drain

what are complications of a spinal cord injury

unable to feel anything below the injury

unable to move anything below the injury

difficulty breathing due to chest muscle paralysis

may feel faint or dizzy due to low BP (from autonomic nervous system issues)

what are potentially harmful spinal movements

sudden bending (forced flexion)

squashing of the spine (axial compression)

bending and twisting (flexion with rotation)

what is look, listen, feel

look for the chest rising

listen for air being breathed

feel air on your cheek

what is the normal breath rate

15 breaths per minute

what is central cyanosis

discoloured lips and tongue due to lack of oxygen binding to hemoglobin

what are the signs of a chest wall or lung injury

distress (pain or unable to breathe properly)

localise pain to particular site

could be tender over ribs and have swelling or feel ribs move

symptoms will persist and not improve significantly over time

one side of chest may not move as well as the other (lung injury)

what are potential consequences of a rib fracture

can cause bleeding around the lung (hemothorax) or puncture the lung (pneumothorax), lower down can result in injuries to the liver, spleen, and to a small degree, the kidneys

what is the difference between rib and breastbone fractures

the heart sits directly underneath the sternum (can describe a painful click)

what is hemorrhagic shock

not enough blood or fluid in circulation, losing more than 30% of blood

pale and clammy, feel faint or lose consciousness, may appear confused

signs of organs under stress (brain/confusion, lungs/rapid breathing)

what is neurogenic shock

blood in the wrong place, nerve supply to blood vessels under the injury is interrupted

loss of high pressure system results in blood pooling in low pressure areas in the veins and capillaries

skin is pink and warm, evidence of organ dysfunction, in the context of suspected spinal cord injury

what may cause shock in a sport setting

cardiogenic (heart failure), neurogenic (spinal cord injury), hemorrhage, anaphylaxis

what is on the floor and four more

understanding where blood loss is coming from

chest, abdomen, pelvis, in a limb (broken bone), on the floor (bleeding from a visible wound)

what are signs there is bleeding in the chest

sharp pain on one side with each breath, breathing rapidly, injured side of chest may not move as much, show poor perfusion of other organs like skin/brain, pale/confused/cool/drowsy

what are signs of a possible abdominal injury

winded and does not improve, localise pain to ride side of abdomen (liver) or left (spleen), blood is irritant to lining of stomach and pain may spread to be felt elsewhere, signs of shock over time, pass bright red blood suggests kidney injury

what bone fracture can potentially cause hemorrhagic shock

femur

what rate should chest compressions be delivered at

100 compressions/minute

how deep should chest compressions be

2 inches or 1/3 chest depth

what is the compressions to breaths ratio

30:2

what is the back slaps to abdominal thrusts ratio

5:5

what are the signs of a limb injury

localised pain, reluctance to move, swelling, deformity

when is PRICE used

for soft tissue injuries

what does PRICE stand for

protect

rest (support)

ice (20 on/off)

compression

elevation

when should you use a broad arm sling

supports shoulder, elbow, forearm, or wrist

how do you make a broad arm sling

right angle points to injured side, behind and in front of forearm and tie around neck, tuck in excess fabric

when should you use a high arm sling

hand or wrist injuries

how do you use a high arm sling

point right angle at injured side, hand to opposit shoulder, wrap around back and tie around back (over 1 shoulder)

what is cyanosis in asthma

blue arounds the lips indicating hypoxia