NE101 Lec 25: Learning and Memory I

Karl Lashley found that memory deficits depended more on the __________ of cortical lesions than their specific location.

size

Karl Lashley concluded that memories are __________ throughout the cortex.

distributed

Today, we know that all cortical areas can be modified to store memories, but some areas are more involved in specific __________.

types of memory

2 types of long term memory: _________ and __________ memory

declarative, non declarative

declarative memory is _______

explicit

Declarative memory includes things you can __________ others.

tell

2 types of declarative memory: ____ and ____memory

episodice, semantic

Episodic memory depends on the __________.

hippocampus

Semantic memory depends on the __________.

cortex

nondeclarative memory is _______

implicit

Non-declarative memory includes things you know but cannot __________.

verbalize

non-declarative memory depends on the __________, __________, and __________.

cerebellum, basal ganglia, cortex

3 types of non-declarative memory: ________, ________, and _________, memory

skill learning, priming, conditioning

Conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a specific ______.

outcome

Priming is when you are more likely to use a word you recently __________.

heard

An example of _______ memory is knowing how to ride a bike

skill learning

______ conditioning does not involve taking action for an outcome.

classical

An example of ______ is seeing a Starbucks and thinking of coffee.

positive association

An example of ______ is seeing a skunk and thinking of a bad smell.

negative association

______ conditioning does involve taking action for an outcome.

instrumental

Saying “please” to get candy is an example of __________ conditioning.

instrumental

_____ memory involves facts, such as associating the word “cake” with its perceptual features.

semantic

______ memory involves the order and association of events in a specific moment

episodic

Alzheimer’s disease involves degeneration of neurons in the __________ and medial temporal lobe.

hippocampus

AD causes severe deficits in forming new __________ memories.

long term

Place cells are located in the __________.

hippocampus

John O’Keefe discovered that specific hippocampal neurons fire at distinct __________ in an environment.

locations

Place cells collectively form a “__________ ” of the environment.

cognitive map

Place cells can still fire accurately in __________, meaning they don’t rely solely on visual cues.

darkness

_____ = cells fire at the same location, but scale changes

scale change

_____ = cells fire at same location, but different rates

small change

_____ = position of place cells completely change

large change

Grid cells are located in the __________ .

entorhinal cortex

Grid cells fire at regular spatial intervals, forming a geometric __________ pattern.

lattice

Grid cells provide input to the hippocampus, possibly leading to the formation of __________ .

place cells

The hippocampus lies near the __________, linking memory with emotion.

amygdala

Henry Molaison (H.M.) lost the ability to form new long-term memories after surgical removal of his ______.

hippocampus

H.M. suffered from __________ amnesia but retained older memories.

anterograde

H.M.’s case proved that the hippocampus is critical for forming __________ memories.

episodic

Despite his amnesia, H.M. could still learn new __________ and implicit associations.

skills

The hippocampus creates associative maps linking events in __________ and __________.

time, space

Howard Eichenbaum studied that the hippocampus consolidates episodic memories into long-term storage by sending outputs to the __________.

cortex

During memory ________, hippocampal place cells “replay” firing patterns after a mouse reaches a goal in a maze.

consolidation

____ occurs during sleep and may help consolidate memories.

reverse replay

____ involves persistent activation of traumatic memories.

PTSD

Researchers are studying ways to erase or modify specific memories by targeting neurons active during __________ or __________.

encoding, retrieval

The goal of this research is to eventually “erase” pathological memories or “__________” positive ones.

implant