sociology

sociological investigation that concentrates on large scale phenomena or entire civilizations

macrosociology

sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups often through experimental means,

microsociology

an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society both today and in the past,

social imagination

who coined social imagination

c wright mills

element within an experiment kept constant to measure the dependent variable against

control variable

A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structure to maintain its stability

functionalist perspective

A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources

including house, money, access to services, and political representation, conflict perspective

A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole

interactionist perspective

list the steps of the scientific method

1. define the problem 2. reviewing the literature 3. formulate hypothesis 4. selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing data 5. developing the conclusion

asking a serious of questions that are non serious and once they are comfortable then you add in a more serious question so the person will likely be more truthful

veiled reporting

variable subject to the influence of another variable

dependent variable

the variable in a casual relationship that influences or causes a change in another variable

independent variable

what are the major research designs

surveys, ethnography, experiments, use of existing resources

a study usually in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides researches with info about how people think and act

survey

the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic research

ethnography

most common form of qualitative research

ethnography

research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation / closely watching (the technique used in ethnography)

observation

artificially create situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables

experiment

Who is the father of sociology?

Auguste Comte

critical of existing institutions

wrote the Communist Manifesto arguing that the masses of people with no resources besides labor should unite to overthrown capitalist societies, karl marx

helped cofound Hull House and established a juveline court system and womens trade union

Jane Addams

dealt with immigrants and the poor

Hull House

define sociology

the scientific study of social behavior and human groups

the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations

applied sociology

sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena

basic sociology

AKA pure sociology

basic sociology

a level of analysis that makes comparisons between entire nations using societies as units of analysis

global sociology

an intermediate level of sociological analysis that focuses on formal organizations and social movements

mesosociolgy

the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions

clinical sociology

the totality of learned

socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior, culture

true or false: an artifact can be part of culture

true

the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture (places priority on understanding another culture rather than dismissing them as strange)

cultural relativism

the feeling or surprise or disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practice that are different from their own

culture shock

the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norms or are superior to all others -- usually will use derogatory language toward other cultures

ethnocentrism

true or false: language can be written or spoken

true

specialized language used by members of a group or subculture (basically just lag)

argot

when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of a larger culture

counterculture

two types of innovation

discovery and invention

a norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises little concern

folkways

norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

mores

a common practice or belief found in every culture

cultural universal

studied and listed cultural universals

george murdock

refers to the period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

cultural lag

describe lood doo na'dziihi

• "the sore that does not heal" - how Navajo refer to cancer - trying to get rid of this term bc it depicts cancer as a death sentence

The spread of ideas

customs, and technologies from one people to another, diffusion

The process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide

mcdonaldization

noneconomic assets which are reflected in a persons knowledge

culture capital

who coined the term cultural capital?

pierre bourdieu

a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers

dramaturgical approach

a period of anticipatory socialization as the person prepares for retirement

preretirement

when the person establishes a specific departure date from his or her job

the near phase

an often euphoric period in which the person pursues activites that he or she never had time for before

the honeymoon phase

retirees feel a sense of letdown or even depression as they cope with their new lives which may include illness or poverty

disenchantment phase

phase involving the development of a more realistic view of retirement alternatives

reorientation phase

a period in which the person has learned to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion

stability phase

Phase which begins when the person can no longer engage in basic

day to day activities such as self-care and housework, termination phase

a stressful period of self-evaluation

midlife crisis

what is the average age for a midlife crisis

40

refers to an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority

such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent, total institution

The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children

sandwich generation

an area that has gradually become an informal center for senior citizens

NORCs

____ to ____ percent of people aged _ or older live in NORCS

17-25%; 65 years

a distinct identity that sets us apart from others

self

george meads stages of self

1. preparatory stage -- children imitate those around them, self not present 2. play stage -- children start to develop the skill of communicating through sysmbols, can imitate multiple people, self is developing 3. game stage -- stage where people devleop sense of self

agents of socialization

Family, School, Peer group, Mass media and technology, Workplace, Religion and state

a research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives from birth to death

life course approach

the process of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions

occupations, and social relationships, anticipatory socialization

the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

role taking

an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals

degradation ceremony

a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another

rite of passage

described the standford prison experiment

-conducted by prof. Phillip Zimbardo - intended to last 2 weeks, cut off early at 6 days - college boys made either guard or prisoner - guards abuse their power role - prisoners experience emotional and physical distress

marriage in japan is

a social status, not a relationship

a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics

ascribed status

a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts

achieved status

did a study finding that an ascribed status doesn't necessarily have the same meaning around the world

gary huang

fulfilment of roles associated with one status may violate roles linked to a second status

role conflict

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to ones identity in order to establish a new role and identity

role exit

the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

role strain

focus on production of food

had technological innovations, rely on power of humans and animals, agrarian society

less nomadic than hunter gatherers

emphasis on production of tools, horticultural society

people depend on mechanization

industrial society

focus on process and control of information

involvement in teaching generation and dissemination of ideas, postmodern society

develop as groups grow larger

coalition

the practice of buying more than we need or want

and often more than we can afford; a preoccupation of postmodern consumers, hyperconsumerism

activist political group founded to work for rights of older people and confine the stereotypes of the elderly

gray panthers

Navajo practice in which they seek reconciliation between the parties to a crime

peacemaking

an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards

classical theory

rule by a few

oligarchy

a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals

iron law of oligarchy

who coined the term iron law of oligarchy

robert michels

a condition of estrangement or disassociation from the surrounding society

alienation

A group or category to which people feel they belong.

in group

a group to which people feel they do not belong

out group

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

reference group

a small group characterized by intimate

face-to-face association and cooperation, primary group

a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

secondary group