Studied by 74 people4 quadrants
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
(if you don’t know these by now what have you been doing??)
RUQ structures
Liver, gallbladder, stomach pylorus, duodenum, head of pancreas, right adrenal gland, hepatic flexure
portions of: jejunum, R. kidney, ascending colon, transverse colon
LUQ structures
L lobe of liver, spleen, stomach, body & tail of pancreas, L adrenal gland, splenic flexure
portions of: L kidney, transerve colon, small intestine (jejunum), descending colon
RLQ structures
cecum, appendix, R ureter, urinary bladder, lower portion R kidney
Portions of: jejunum, ileum, ascending colon
Reproductive: R ovary, R fallopian tube, Uterus (if enlarged), R spermatic cord
LLQ structures
sigmoid colon, lower L kidney, L ureter, urinary bladder (if distended)
portions of: jejunum, ileum, descending colon
Reproductive: L ovary, L fallopian tube, Uterus, L spermatic cord
9 regions
R/L hypochondriac, R/L lumbar, R/L iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
R Hypochondriac structures
gallbladder, R lobe of liver, hepatic flexure, adrenal gland
portions of: duodenum, ascending colon, R kidney, jejunum
Epigastric structures
stomach, transverse colon, pancreas
Portions of: duodenum, jejunum, liver, adrenal gland
L hypochondriac structures
spleen, pancreas tail, splenic flexure, adrenal gland, upper L kidney
portions of: transverse colon, descending colon
R lumbar structures
lower half of R kidney
portions of: ascending colon, jejunum, ileum
Umbilical structures
jejunum, ileum, portion of transverse
L lumbar structures
lower half of L kidney
Portions of: descending colon, jejunum, ileum
R iliac structures
cecum, appendix, R ureter, distal end of ileum, R spermatic cord, R ovary
Hypogastric (pubic)
ileum, bladder, ureters, urethra, uterus & fallopian tubes, postate & seminal vesicles
L iliac structures
sigmoid colon, L ureter, L spermatic cord, L ovary
Bones
Anterior: ribs. 6-10, diploid, pelvic girdle
Posterior: ribs 10-12, spine T10-L5, sacrum and pelvic girdle
ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine (along the iliac crest)
What is the deepest abdominal muscle?
Transversus abdominus m.
Layers of the Abdomen (superficial to deep)
Skin, Subcutaneous tissue, Camper fascia, Scarpa Fascia, External oblique m., intera oblique m., rectus abdominis m., transversus abdominus m., transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, parietal peritoneum
Anterior Abdominal Wall (superficial to deep) muscles only
external oblique, *internal oblique, *rectus abdominis, transverses abdominis
*internal oblique and rectus abdominis on same level
linea alba
medial to rectus abdominis
(central line down abdomen)
Rectus sheath is formed by
aponeurosis
Structures within rectus sheath
rectus abdominis m.
Inguinal Ring
transmits the spermatic cord
-L1 spinal nerve mediates reflex
Most common hernia?
inguinal: within Hesselbach’s triangle
vena caval foramen
T8; goes through diaphragm
Esophageal Hiatus
T10; goes through diaphragm; vagus nerve innervates
Aortic Hiatus
T12 (between two crura)
-aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein
external iliac artery heads toward the
lower extremities
internal iliac artery heads towards the
bladder
Mesentery
double layer of visceral peritoneum; attached to organs to hold them in place (posteriorly)
contains arterial blood supply: aorta, superior/inferior mesenteric arteries
Lesser omentum
attached to lesser curvature of stomach and liver
-extension of peritoneum: stomach, duodenum, liver
Greater omentum
hangs from the greater curvature of stomach, drapes in front of intestines
-descends distally: stomach, duodenum, transverse colon
Intraperitoneal Organs
SALTD: Stomach, appendix, liver, transverse colon, duodenum
SPRCSS: small intestine (j&i), pancreas (tail), rectum (top 1/3), cecum, sigmoid colon, spleen
UFO: uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
Retroperitoneal Organs
SADPUCKER: suprarenal glands (adrenal), aorta & IVC, duodenum, pancreas (head & tail, ureters & urinary bladder, colon (ascending/descending), kidneys, esophagus, rectum
What is the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
prevents acid reflux
stomach features
sphincters: LES, pyloric
curvatures: greater, lesser
regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
layers of the stomach (deep to superficial)
mucosa, submucosa, muscalaris externa, serosa
2nd phase of digestion
parietal cells: produce intrinsic factor (b12 absorption), secretes hydrochloric acid
chief cells: secrete pepsinogen
G cells: secrete gastrin
arterial supply to stomach
L/R gastric arteries
bloody supply leaving stomach
L/R gastric veins → hepatic portal vein → liver
order of small intestine
duodenum (c-shaped), jejunum, ileum
small intestine mesentery
Ligament of Treitz → ileocecal junction
duct attachment order
pancreatic + common bile → hepatopancreatic -enter→ descending duodenum (D2)
jejunum
mostly LUQ, contains plicae circulares, slow passage of food and afford an increased surface for absorption
ileum
mostly RLQ, connects to cecum, contains Peyer’s patches
Large intestine (colon)
absorbs fluids and salts, Teniae coli (3 bands) - long slow muscle, absent in appendix and rectum, Haustra: between teniae
Large intestine parts
CARTLDSRAA
cecum, ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
Which part of the colon is the longest?
Transverse
Which part of the colon is the narrowest
descending
GI tract
sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
What shared task do the sigmoid colon and rectum have?
store fecal material
Dentate lines
differentiates between anus and rectum
Rectum is supported by
levator ani muscles: iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis
Anococcygeal ligament
external sphincter
voluntary control
PNS innervations
Cranial: Vagus Nerve - innervates upper esophagus to transverse colon
Sacral: Pelvic Nerves - innervates from descending colon to internal anal sphincter
spleen location
proceed by left ribs 9-11
(ruptured 911)
pancreas
connects w/ common bile ducts, head embraced by duodenum
Endocrine: insulin, glucagon via islets of Langerhans
Exocrine: digestive enzymes from acinar cells
Sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)
prevents contents from entering duodenum
Liver
largest visceral organ and largest gland
Falciform ligament- dives left and right lobes
lobes of the liver
right (largest), quadrate, caudate, left
Liver lobule
Portal triad: portal venule (goes to intestines), portal arteriole, bile duct
Hepatic veins drain into the
inferior vena cava
Gallbladder
storage and concentration of bile
-fundus, body, neck
-inferior to liver
When does the gallbladder empty?
when food digestion occurs in upper GI
especially when fatty foods enter duodenum
Note 
Flashcard (45)