Anatomy - intro lectures

Head, eyes , and toes are pointed anteriorly (forward)

Anatomical position

Upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing anteriorly

Anatomical position

Reference position when discussing the body

Anatomical position

Starting position for range of motion measurement (ROM)

Anatomical position

4 planes of motion

median (mid-sagittal)

Sagittal

frontal

Transverse (axial)

This plane passes longitudinally through the midline of the body and divides it into equal ___ and ____ halves.

■ The foot and the hand have their own median planes (3rd toe and digit)

■ Can also be called the mid-sagittal plane

Right , Left

Median

Planes run ____ to the ____

■ Create infinite cross-sections of the body

■ The median plane is a ____plane located at the midpoint of the body

parallel, median

Sagittal

increasing the joint angle between body parts

Extension

decreasing the joint angle between body parts

flexion

Occur specifically at the ankle

Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion

sagittal plan movements (4)

Flexion

Extension

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Runs from top of the head to bottom of the feet and divides the body into ____ and

____ halves

■ Can also be called the coronal plane

■ The feet have their own ____ plane

front and back

frontal

Movement away from the median plane

Abduction

Movement toward the median plane

Adduction

The median for the hand is ___ digit and the foot is __ toe

3rd (middle finger )

Frontal Plane Movements (2)

abduction and adduction

Runs horizontally through the body and divides the body into

____and _____ (top and bottom)

■ Can also be called the axial plane

superior and inferior

Transverse

occurs about a vertical axis

❑ The direction of movement is horizontal and, therefore, in the _____ plane

Rotation

transverse

Traverse plane movement (1)

Rotation

(supination and pronation, inversion and eversion) included

Moving from the surface of the body inward (3)

superficial, intermediate, deep

closer to midline

medial

farther from median plane

lateral

in front of

anterior

behind

posterior

closer to center of body

proximal

farther from center of body

distal

higher on body

superior

lower on body

inferior

closer to the front surface of body

ventral

closer to back surface of body

dorsal

towards the head of the body

cephalad

toward the tail of the body

caudad

same side

ipsilateral

Opposite side

Contralateral

below and toward the midline

inferomedial

above and towards the midline

superolateral

Movement of the forearm and the hand that rotates the radius laterally around the longitudinal axis

❑ Bones of the forearm are parallel

❑ Palm of the hand faces anteriorly

❑ Also used to describe combination of movement of the foot

Supination

Movement of the forearm and the hand that rotates the radius medially around the longitudinal axis

❑ Bones of the forearm are crossed

❑ Palm of the hand faces posteriorly

❑ Also used to describe combination of movement of the foot

Pronationlea

leaning weight on pinkie toe (sole of foot inwards up)

inversion

leaning weight on big toe (sole of foot outwards up)

eversion

Movement of the scapula anteriorly

❑ Imagine the scapula moving anteriorly along the rib cage

top of push up

Protraction

Movement of the scapula posteriorly

❑ Imagine the scapula moving posteriorly along the rib cage

bottom of push up

Retraction

Location of muscle attachment for the stationary bone

origin

Location of muscle attachment for the bone that it moves

Insertion

Movement(s) a muscle makes

action

Nerve supply to a muscle

innervation

using one’s hands to feel or examine structures within the body

palpation

prominent features within body structures that assist in the identification of those or

other structures

landmarks

Connective tissue composed of (3)

cells - fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, etc

fibers - Collagen, Reticular, Elastic

ground substance

fibers and ground substance referred to

extracellular matrix

Connective Tissues - FIBERS are

collagen

long strands of protein that offer tensile strength and flexibility

over 28 types

collagen

Most common

■ Found in tendon, ligament, muscle and bone

Type I collagen

Found in articular cartilage

Type II

Found in pliable tissues such as blood vessels and in wounds

Type III collagen

thin, branching proteins that are comprised of a specific kind of Type III collagen fibers

reticular fibers

Acts as a supporting net in soft tissues and organs

Reticular fibers

Wavy bundles of the protein elastin that can tolerate stretch

Elastic fibers

Allows tissues to return to original shape following stretch

Elastic fibers

Nerves

■ Bones

■ Muscles

■ Tendon

■ Ligament

■ Synovium

■ Cartilage

■ Fascia

Specialized tissues

Made up of neurons and support cells

Nervous Tissue

Neurons conduct ______ impulses

electrical

electrical impulses From the environment to the brain

sensory input

electrical impulses from the brain to the body

motor ouput

nervous tissue Includes the ____ and _____ nervous systems

central and peripheral

In the CNS, divided into ____ ____ (cell bodies) and _____ ____ (axons)

grey matter

white matter

structure of neuron (3)

dendrites

cell body

axon

support cells - glia

“input” portion of the cell

dendrites

processing portion of the cell

contains organelles

cell body

“output” portion of the cell

axon

structure of spinal nerve

Bundles of _____,
____ vessels, and

_____ tissue

entering and exiting the spinal cord

nerves

blood vessels

connective tissue

osseous tissue =

bone tissue

Bone is comprised of (2)

collagen

mineral deposits

Purpose of Bone:

❑ Storage of _____

❑ Formation of ____ cells

❑ Protection of vital ___

❑ Support for body and mechanical basis for

movement

Ca++

blood

organs

WHAT BONE? Tubular (e.g. Humerus and Femur)

Long

WHAT BONE? Cuboidal (e.g. Carpals and Tarsals)

Short

WHAT BONE ? Protective function (e.g. bones of cranial vault)

Flat

WHAT BONE? Bones of the face and vertebral column

irregular

WHAT BONE ? Protect tendons from wearing (e.g. patella) (resembled sesame seeds)

Sesamoid

Bone is a living, dynamic ____

■ Bone needs ____ supply to live

❑ Rich arterial supply

■ Without blood supply it will __

❑ Avascular Necrosi

tissue

blood

die

Fracture healing requires adequate _____ ____

❑ Elderly population: increased time for healing due to decreased circulation or nutrition deficits

Blood Supply

Four stages of bone healing

❑ Inflammation

❑ Soft callus formation

❑ Hard callus formation

❑ Remodeling

Length of time to heal bone variable based on

_____ type,

_____,

____ of fracture

fracture

site

size

Immobilization can range from _ weeks for smaller bones

to _+ weeks for the long bones

3

8+

Healing continues once the ___/___ is removed

❑ ___ will eventually be reabsorbed during remodeling stage of healing

splint/cast

callus

Describes bone remodeling (and tissue remodeling)

❑ Growing bone ____ to the forces placed upon it

(i.e. weight-bearing stresses and muscular contractions)

adapts

Wolff’s Law

Absence of “normal stress” can lead to _____ and ____

deformity and injury

3 types of muscle

❑ Smooth

❑ Cardiac

❑ Skeletal

__% of body weight (+/-) is skeletal muscle

40

Muscles are ______, _______ working to:

❑ Pump___

❑ Move food through _____

❑ Maintain ____

constantly, unconsciously

blood

intestines

posture

Involuntary muscle lining various organs

Also called visceral muscle.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Responsible for peristalsis, which facilitates movement through the GI tract

Smooth Muscle Tissue