[Theory] C1. Semantics - Lexical relations

synonymy

two or more words or phrases that have the same or nearly the same meanings

Synonyms can often, though not always, be _____ for each other in sentences. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence but its synonym would be odd

substituted

Synonyms can differ from each other in terms of ______ (semantic synonyms), _____ (stylistic synonyms), ________ (phraseological synonyms) or where they are often used (territorial synonyms)

denotation (nghĩa ám chỉ)

connotation (nghĩa bao hàm)

collocations

euphemisms

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

antonymy

two words or phrases with opposite meanings

Hyponym

a more specific word within a category or under a hypernym

(cái bị bao trùm)

Prototype

(the features of a typical kind) The idea of “the characteristic instance” of a category

Word play

the activity of joking about the meanings of words, especially in an intelligent way

Metonymy

the act of referring to something using a word that describes one of its qualities or features. (E.g. suit for business executives, or the track for horse racing.)

List all semantic / lexical relations

1. synonymy,

2. antonymy,

3. homonymy

4. hyponymy

5. polysemy

6. prototype,

7. word play

List all types of antonymy ?

1. Non-gradable / Binary / Complementary

2. Gradable / Scaler

3. Conversive / Relational

4. Reversive / Directional

binary / complementary / non-gradable antonymy

• direct opposites

• the negative of one implies the other / the denial of one is the assertion of the other (phủ định của cái này là cái kia; có cái này thì ko có cái kia)

• Eg: dead/alive; single/married; male/female; true/false

gradable/ scaler antonymy

• opposites along a scale

• the negative of one doesn’t necessarily imply the other

• can be used in comparative constructions

• Eg: big/small; short/tall; cold/hot; young/old; thin/fat; slow/fast

conversive/relational antonymy

• denotes a kind of role reversal in a relationship; a pair in which “you can’t have without the other” (depends upon the other)

• 2 từ - 2 vai trò trong 1 mqh; 2 điểm nhìn, luôn luôn tồn tại song song

• Eg:

  • wife - husband (có vợ phải có chồng)

  • give - receive (có qua có lại)

  • teacher - student

  • employer - employee

reversive/directional antonymy

• pairs in which member expresses the reverse of the other; “you can have one without the other”

• Eg:

  • rise - fall (The temperature rises doesn’t mean that sth else falls)

  • backwards - forwards (If I going backwards doesn’t mean that you / anyone else is going forward)

  • enter / exit

  • pack / unpack

  • lengthen / shorten

  • raise / lower

  • tie / untie

homonymy

• 2 words that sound and/or are written the same but different in meanings

• It can be full/perfect homonyms; homophones or homographs

full/perfect homonyms

• 2 words with the same spelling and same pronunciation (but different meanings)

• Eg:

  • bank (of a river) - bank (financial institution)

  • bat (flying creature) - bat (used in sports)

  • mole (on skin) - mole (small animal - chuot chui)

homographs

• 2 words with the same spelling and different pronunciation

• Eg:

  • wind (n) / wind (v)

  • present (v) / present (n)

homophones

• 2 words with same pronunciation and different spelling

• Eg:

  • bear / bare

  • meat / meet

  • flower / flour

Hyponymy

• The relationship between two or more words where the meaning of one form includes the meaning of another

• also called “a kind of” relationship. As asp is a kind of snake or banyan is a kind of tree

Eg: rose is a hyponym of flower

hypernym

hypernym (từ bao hàm) = superordinate term: a word with a broad meaning that encompasses the meanings of more specific words.

Eg; “horse is a hyponym of animal” or “cockroach is a hyponym of insect.” In these two examples, animal and insect are called the superordinate (= higher-level) terms

co-hyponym

two or more words that share the same superordinate term are co-hyponyms.

Eg: dog and horse are co-hyponyms and the superordinate term is animal

polysemy

one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related by extension (từ đa nghĩa: các nghĩa phải có liên quan đến nhau)

Eg:

• head: the top of your body or the top of a company

• foot of a person, of bed, of mountain

• run: person does, water does, colors do

• face, get, ….
  

How to differentiate between polysemy and homonymy?

• polysemy: các nghĩa liên quan đến nghĩa gốc

• homonymy: các nghĩa ko liên quan đến nghĩa gốc

• Check từ điển MW

  • Từ “foot - n” chỉ có 1 entry → polysemy

  • Từ “mail - n” có đến 3 entry → homonymy